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year 10 mock exam revision > chemistry topic 2 bonding, structure and properties of matter > Flashcards

chemistry topic 2 bonding, structure and properties of matter Flashcards

1
Q

what do ions want or try to do?

A

gain a full outer shell

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2
Q

when metals form ions do they lose or gain electrons?

A

lose

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3
Q

when non metals form ions do they lose or gain electrons?

A

gain

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4
Q

the number of electrons lost or gained is the?

A

same as the charge on the ion

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5
Q

what are the oppositely charged ions strongly attached by?

A

electrostatic forces

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6
Q

what diagram can we use to show ionic bonding?

A

dot and cross diagram

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7
Q

what do you put around every ion when drawing dot and cross diagrams?

A

square brackets

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8
Q

what do ionic compounds have a structure like?

A

they have a giant ionic lattice

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9
Q

what do the ions forming a giant regular lattice arrangement give?

A

a very strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions

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10
Q

all ionic compounds have high what?

A

melting and boiling points

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11
Q

how do ionic compounds all have high melting and boiling points?

A

they have many strong bonds between the ions

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12
Q

when ionic compound are solids they cant do what?

A

they cant conduct electricity

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13
Q

when ionic compounds melt the ions are free to move and they can do what?

A

they can carry electric current

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14
Q

what do ionic compounds do easily in water ?

A

dissolve

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15
Q

when they dissolve and the ions separate, what can they do?

A

carry electric current

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16
Q

when non metals share electrons to gain full outer shells what is this called?

A

covalent bonding

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17
Q

why are covalent bonds very strong?

A

they are attracted by electrostatic forces

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18
Q

in covalent bonding, where do atom only share their electrons?

A

their outer shells

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19
Q

where does covalent bonding happen?

A

in compounds of non metals

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20
Q

what can you use to show a covalent bond?

A

a dot and cross diagram

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21
Q

the atoms within molecules In covalent structures are very strong covalent bonds, what are forces of attraction like between the molecules?

A

very weak

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22
Q

what Is the boiling or melting point of a simple molecular structure like?

A

low because you only have to break the weak intermolecular structures and not the covalent bonds

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23
Q

as molecules get bigger what happens to the strength of the intermolecular force and the boiling point?

A

the strength increases which means more energy is needed to break the bonds therefore the boiling point increases

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24
Q

do molecular compounds conduct electricity?

A

no

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25
Q

why do molecular compounds not conduct electricity?

A

they aren’t charged, so there are no free electrons or ions

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26
Q

what are polymers?

A

long chains of repeating units

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27
Q

what is in a polymer?

A

lots of small units that are linked together to form a long molecule that has repeating sections

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28
Q

how are polymers linked?

A

via strong covalent bonds

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29
Q

how can you write out a polymer?

A

you can draw the shortest repeating section , called the repeating units in brackets with ‘n’ on the outside

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30
Q

how do you write the molecular formula for a polymer?

A

write out the molecular formula of the repeating unit in brackets, and put an ‘n’ outside

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31
Q

what does ‘n’ mean when writing out a polymer?

A

that the unit is repeated lots of times

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32
Q

what are polymers like at room temperature?

A

solid

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33
Q

what is the boiling point like in polymers?

A

they have a low boiling point

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34
Q

in giant covalent structures, what are they bonded by?

A

strong covalent bonds

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35
Q

what is the melting and boiling point like in a giant covalent structures?

A

they have a very high melting point and boiling point as lots of energy is needed to overcome the covalent bonds

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36
Q

what are the main examples of giant covalent structures?

A

diamond, graphite and silicon dioxide

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37
Q

what is the structure of diamond like?

A

each carbon atom forms four covalent bonds in a very rigid giant covalent structure

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38
Q

what is the structure of graphite like?

A

each carbon atom forms three covalent bonds to create layers of hexagons. each carbon atom also has one delocalised electron

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39
Q

what is the structure of silicon dioxide like?

A

this is what sand is made of, each grain of sand is one giant structure of silicon and oxygen

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40
Q

whats an allotrope?

A

different structural forms of the same element in the same physical state

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41
Q

all allotropes are what state?

A

solids

42
Q

diamonds carbon atoms and covalent bonds make diamond what?

A

really hard

43
Q

whats diamonds boiling point like?

A

very high because it has strong covalent bonds

44
Q

does diamond conduct electricity?

A

no because it dosent have any free electrons

45
Q

what is graphite like?

A

soft and slippery, ideal as a lubricating material

46
Q

why is graphite soft?

A

there aren’t any covalent bonds between the layers , they are only held together weakly

47
Q

what’s graphites melting point like?

A

high

48
Q

what is graphene?

A

one layer of graphite

49
Q

what is the graphene sheet like?

A

one atom thick, making it a two dimensional compound

50
Q

what is good about graphene?

A

its strong because of the network of covalent bonds and is also very light. this means that you can add strength to something without adding a lot of weight

51
Q

can graphene conduct electricity?

A

yes, because it contains delocalised electrons

52
Q

what are fullerenes?

A

molecules of carbon , shaped like closed tubes or hollow balls

53
Q

what are fullerenes mainly made up of?

A

carbon atoms arranged in pentagons, hexagons or heptagons

54
Q

what was the first fullerene to be discovered?

A

buckminsterfullerene

55
Q

what are fullerenes used for?

A

to cage other molecules ( deliver a drug into the body)

56
Q

why are fullerenes good catalysts?

A

fullerenes have a huge surface area

57
Q

fullerenes are good for what like graphite?

A

lubricants

58
Q

fullerenes can form nanotubes, what are nanotubes?

A

tiny carbon cylinders

59
Q

what can nanotubes do?

A

conduct electricity and thermal energy

60
Q

nanotubes have a high tensile strength, what does that mean?

A

they don’t break when they are stretched

61
Q

what is the technology called that uses very small particles such as nanotubes ?

A

nanotechnology

62
Q

what can nanotubes be used for?

A

electronics or to add strength to a material without adding a lot of weight

63
Q

in metallic bonding what are the electrons in the outer shell like?

A

they are delocalised with strong forces of electrostatic attraction between the positive and negative metal ions

64
Q

why are most metals solid at room temperature?

A

the delocalised sea of electrons are very strong, so lots of energy is needed to break them and the boiling point/melting point

65
Q

why are metals good conductors of electricity and heat?

A

the delocalised electrons carry electrical current and thermal energy through the whole structure

66
Q

why are most metals malleable?

A

the layers of atoms in a metal can slide over each other

67
Q

how are alloys harder than pure metals?

A

different elements have different sized atoms and when elements are mixed with a pure metal it distorts the layers of metal atoms making it harder for them to slide over each other

68
Q

what are the three states of matter?

A

solids, liquids and gases

69
Q

what does the state of something depend on?

A

how strong the forces of attraction are between the particles in the material

70
Q

what are the forces of attraction like in a solid?

A

strong

71
Q

what is the structure of a solid like?

A

the particles are close together in fixed position in a regular lattice arrangement

72
Q

how do solids keep a definite shape and volume?

A

the particles don’t move from their positions

73
Q

the hotter a solid is?

A

the more the particles vibrate

74
Q

what are the forces of attraction like between the particles in a liquid?

A

theres a weak force of attraction

75
Q

what are the arrangements like in a liquid?

A

they are randomly arranged and free to move past each other but they tend to stick closely together

76
Q

what is the volume and shape of a liquid like?

A

the volume is definite but it doesn’t keep a definite shape so it will flow to the bottom of a container

77
Q

how do particles in a liquid move?

A

they constantly move in a random motion

78
Q

what happens when a liquid is heated?

A

the hotter the liquid gets, the faster they move which means liquids expand when slightly heated

79
Q

what is the forces of attraction like in a gas?

A

they are very weak - free to move and far apart

80
Q

what Is the structure of a gas like?

A

gases don’t keep a definite shape or volume and will always fill a container

81
Q

what does aqueous mean?

A

dissolved in water

82
Q

when asking to predict a state of matter, how do you know its a solid?

A

if the temperature is below the melting point of the substance

83
Q

when asking to predict a state of matter, how do you know its a liquid?

A

if its between the melting and boiling point of the substance

84
Q

when asking to predict a state of matter, how do you know its a gas?

A

if the temperature is above the boiling point of the substance

85
Q

how do you work out surface area to volume ratio?

A

surface area to volume ratio= surface area divided by volume

86
Q

as particles decrease in size what happens to their surface area to volume ratio?

A

it increases

87
Q

what is the surface area to volume ratio of a nanoparticle like?

A

nanoparticles have a very high surface area to volume ratio

88
Q

what does it mean to have a large surface area to volume ratio?

A

the surface area is very large compared to the volume

89
Q

when using nanoparticles as a catalyst, do you need a lot?

A

you need less of nanoparticles rather than if you were using normal sized particles

90
Q

what is Nano medicine used for?

A

drug capsules as tiny particles are more easily absorbed into the body

91
Q

how are nanoparticles used in electricity?

A

nanoparticles can conduct electricity therefore they can be used in tiny electric circuits for computer chips

92
Q

what do silver nanoparticles have?

A

antibacterial properties

93
Q

what can silver nanoparticles be added to polymer fibres to make?

A

surgical masks, wound dressings and add to deodorants

94
Q

how are nanoparticles used in cosmetics?

A

they’re used to improve moisturisers without making them oily

95
Q

why is it important that nanoparticles are tested thoroughly?

A

the way the affect the body isn’t fully understood

96
Q

why are people worried about products that contain nanoparticles?

A

they are worried that they have been made available without the effects on human health being investigated long term

97
Q

since people don’t know the long term impacts of nanoparticles on health what do many people think should happen?

A

nanoparticle objects should be clearly labelled .

98
Q

what type of creams are nanoparticles being used in?

A

sun creams as they are thought to have been better at protecting skin from harmful UV rays

99
Q

what is unclear about nanoparticles in the body?

A

whether they can get in your blood stream or damage your cells

100
Q

what other thing can nanoparticles potentially destroy?

A

they might damage the environment when they are washed away

year 10 mock exam revision (26 decks)

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