geography component 1 hazardous earth

Question 1

what is high pressure air?

Answer 1

heavy, cold and dry

Question 2

what is low pressure air?

Answer 2

light, warm and wet

Question 3

where is there high pressure air?

Answer 3

the poles

Question 4

where is there low pressure air?

Answer 4

the equator

Question 5

why are sun rays strongest at the equator?

Answer 5

the sun directly hits it constantly due to the earths tilt

Question 6

why is temperature cooler at the poles?

Answer 6

they sun rays are more spread out at the poles as they hit the earth at an angle

Question 7

how are trade winds caused?

Answer 7

by high pressure air rushing to meet the low pressure air

Question 8

where do trade winds happen?

Answer 8

the Inter tropical convergence zone and the equator

Question 9

what does the gulf stream do ?

Answer 9

heated up then moves north , away from the equator towards Europe where it warms the coasts

Question 10

what keeps heat better, land or water?

Answer 10

water

Question 11

in the orbital theory, what sometimes happens to the earths orbit?

Answer 11

its sometimes circular and sometimes more of an ellipse

Question 12

in the orbital theory, what happens to the earths axis?

Answer 12

sometimes its more upright, more on its side or wobble like a spinning top about to fault

Question 13

what do changes in the earths orbit and axis do?

Answer 13

they affect how much sunlight the earth receives and where it falls on the earth

Question 14

what are the changes in the orbital alarm referred to as ?

Answer 14

milankovitch cycles

Question 15

what happens when an asteroid hits the earth?

Answer 15

it blasts millions of tonnes of ash into the atmosphere

Question 16

what happens to the temperature when an asteroid hits earth?

Answer 16

the ash blocks the sun from reaching earth and the temperature cools.

Question 17

what do dark spots tell us in the sunspot theory?

Answer 17

they tell us that the suns more active than usual and more solar energy is being fired from the sun

Question 18

in the eruption theory what do eruptions produce?

Answer 18

ash and sulphur dioxide gas

Question 19

in the eruption theory where do the eruption gases spread across due to high winds?

Answer 19

the stratosphere

Question 20

in the eruption theory what does the ash across the stratosphere do?

Answer 20

stop sunlight reaching the earths surface, cooling the planet

Question 21

whats an example of an eruption that cooled the planet?

Answer 21

mount Pinatubo in the phillipines , 1991

Question 22

how much ash did mount Pinatubo release?

Answer 22

17 million tonnes

Question 23

how much did the planet cool by in mount Pinatubo?

Answer 23

0.5 c

Question 24

whats the enhanced greenhouse effect?

Answer 24

Short uv rays warm up the earth . Long ir rays only escape rarely. When they don’t they warm up the earth

Question 25

how do you use ice cores to measure climate change?

Answer 25

ice cores are large cylinders that contain air bubbles of co2. the more bubbles there is tells us the hotter the earth was in this period

Question 26

how can you use tree rings to measure climate change?

Answer 26

when its warm, tree rings grow wider and when its cold tree rings grow narrow

Question 27

how can you use historical sources to measure climate change?

Answer 27

diaries and books can contain vital info about climate at a certain period

Question 28

what percent of total gases are carbon dioxide?

Answer 28

89%

Question 29

what percent of total gases are methane ?

Answer 29

7%

Question 30

what percent of total gases are nitrous oxide?

Answer 30

3%

Question 31

what percent of total gases are CFC's?

Answer 31

1%

Question 32

what human action produces carbon dioxide?

Answer 32

burning fossil fuels

Question 33

what human action produces methane?

Answer 33

cows waste

Question 34

what human action produces nitrous oxide?

Answer 34

fertiliser

Question 35

what human action produces cfc's?

Answer 35

aerosols and fridges

Question 36

how do crop yields effect people?

Answer 36

people closest to the equator will experience drought and decreased crop yields

Question 37

how do retreating glaciers affect people?

Answer 37

affects water movement in the gulf stream which could be diverted further south, leading to colder temperatures in West Europe

Question 38

how does rising sea level affect people ?

Answer 38

low lying lands will eventually become fully inundated giving lots of environmental refugees?

Question 39

in what decade was there an extreme increase in extreme weather events?

Answer 39

1970's

Question 40

why is there uncertainty about future temperature change?

Answer 40

we don't know how many people or what they will do on earth

Question 41

why is there uncertainty about future sea level rise?

Answer 41

the more climate change the more the sea will rise and we don't know what changes there will be

Question 42

where do tropical storms form?

Answer 42

around the equator imbetween the tropics

Question 43

what temp does a tropical storm need to start?

Answer 43

25-26 c

Question 44

`how does Bangladesh and the USA use warning about tropical cyclones ?

Answer 44

tv and radio can provide warning

Question 45

in Bangladesh in 2014, how many warnings reached per 100 phones?

Answer 45

50

Question 46

in Bangladesh and the USA how do they use satellite technology to prepare for tropical cyclones ?

Answer 46

they allow cyclone formation to be tracked and updated and live weather updates or transmitted

Question 47

how are awareness campaigns used to prepare people for tropical cyclones ?

Answer 47

allow easy evacuation for coastal areas ( awareness campaigns

Question 48

how many cyclone warning volunteers are there in coastal areas of Bangladesh?

Answer 48

45,000

Question 49

how does the USA and Bangladesh use storm surge defences in response to a tropical cyclone?

Answer 49

embankments

Question 50

what order does the earths crust go in from middle to surface?

Answer 50

inner core, outer core, lower mantle, upper mantle (asthenosphere), (lithosphere) then crust

Question 51

what is continental crust mostly formed from and what's its density?

Answer 51

granite and its got a low density

Question 52

what is oceanic crust mostly formed from and what is its density?

Answer 52

igneous rock and its got a high density

Question 53

how is a divergent plate boundary formed?

Answer 53

two, usually oceanic plates, move apart and magma rises

Question 54

in a divergent plate boundary how is a shield volcano caused?

Answer 54

when magma gets caught up in fissures between the plates

Question 55

how is a conservative platwe boundary fomred?

Answer 55

two plates slide past each other and cqusew friction and seismic waves when they pass each other .

Question 56

how is a convergent ( continental-oceanic) plate boundary fromed ?

Answer 56

oceanic and contiental crust slide toward each other but because the oceanic is heavier it subducts beneath the continental.

Question 57

what land form is made via an oceanic contiental plate boundary?

Answer 57

an ocean trench

Question 58

how is a convergent (continental continental ) boundary formed?

Answer 58

two continental plates slide towards each other and are the same density therefore they crush together to form fold mountains

Question 59

give an example of a continental continental boundary?

Answer 59

himalayas

Question 60

what are hotspots ?

Answer 60

volcanic regions thought to be fed by underlying mantle

Question 61

how are hotspots formed ?

Answer 61

the plate moves and the magma rises up it to cause an active shield volcano.

Question 62

give an example of a primary impact on haiti earthquake?

Answer 62

316,000 people died

Question 63

give an example of a secondary impact of the Haiti earthquake?

Answer 63

looting and crime increased as the government and police force collapsed

Question 64

give a secondary impact of the japanese earthquake ?

Answer 64

the world bank estimates the damage to be in excess of $300 billion

Question 65

in haiti how many more people died than in japan?

Answer 65

20 times more

Question 66

in japan and Haiti they both suffered from pipe damage, where did cholera occur?

Answer 66

haiti

Question 67

where was there more homeless people after the earthquake in japan or haiti?

Answer 67

haiti

Question 68

how much did japan cost to repair ?

Answer 68

$300 billion

Question 69

how much did Haiti cost to repair?

Answer 69

$14 billion

Question 70

why did haiti suffer more in deaths regarding where the epicentre was located ?

Answer 70

the epicentre was closer (25km south west of Port au Prince ) than in Japan ( 130km east of Sendai)

Question 71

what was the difference of the focus in Japan and Haiti?

Answer 71

in Haiti it was close to the surface and in Japan it was 30km below tyhe sea bed.

Question 72

why was there less deaths in japan?

Answer 72

japan is rich and can earthquake resistancnce buildings

Question 73

why did Haiti get cholera?

Answer 73

they cant afford much energy relief

Question 74

what did japans earthquake cause that haitis didnt ?

Answer 74

tsunami

Question 75

why was there more damage cost in japan?

Answer 75

japan has expensive infrastructure which costs more to fix