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AS Biology > Cardiovascular disease > Flashcards

Cardiovascular disease Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular disease

A

Conditions affecting the heart/vessels
Associated with fatty acid deposit build up in arteries (atherosclerosis), increased risk of blood clots in brain, heart, kidney, eyes
Main cause of death, disability, prevented by healthy lifestyle

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2
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

Affects coronary arteries, supply cardiac muscle with glucose, oxygen for resp

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3
Q

Cholestrol

A

Synthesised in liver from diet
Carried in lipoproteins
HDL remove cholesterol from tissues, transport to liver for excretion, decrease atheromas
Dietary and organ meats contain cholesterol
After meals, absorbed into circulation via lacteals and lymph, packgaed into chylomicrons

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4
Q

Atheromas

A

Build up of LDL in endothelium of artery
Damaged endothelial cell has increased permeability to LDL
Inflammation leads to entry of macrophages
Macrophages + LDL = foam cell, lipid core of atheroma/ plaque
Macrophage presence encourages smooth muscle to be more fibrous
Plaques bulge into artery lumen, restrict blood flow = CVD CHD
Lead to thrombosis/ aneurysm

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5
Q

Thrombosis

A

Restricted blood flow, BP increases
Endothelium damage
Platelets aggregate, lay down blood clot, form thrombus
Can break, travel to other body parts

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6
Q

Aneurysm

A

Atheromas that lead to thrombus can weaken artery walls

Weak spots lead to aneurysms, burst, cause haemorrhage

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7
Q

Myocardial infarction

A 
Symptom of CHD
Results from coronary artery blockage
Partial blockage = angina
Caused by reduced blood supply
No O2, no aerobic resp, anerobic resp, lactic acid, less ATP produced, pH falls, cardiac muscle dies (cannot contract, enzymes denature)
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8
Q

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease

A 
Smoking
High blood pressure
Blood cholesterol
Diet
Age
Gender
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9
Q

Smoking on cardiovascular disease

A

Increase blood cholesterol concentration

Increase risk of heart disease/ stroke

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10
Q

Nicotine on cardiovascular disease

A

Increase adrenaline, increase HR, BP
Increased risk of CHD, CVA
Sticky RBC, increase T

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11
Q

Carbon monoxide on cardiovascular disease

A

Combines irreversibly with Hb of RBC
Reduced oxygen capacity
Insufficient oxygen to heart

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12
Q

Age on cardiovascular disease

A

Increases with age

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13
Q

Gender on cardiovascular disease

A

Increases risk in men than women

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14
Q

Diet and weight on cardiovascular disease

A

Overweight
Diet high in sat fat and salt
Diets with more antioxidants and soluble fibre, decreased risk

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15
Q

Lifestyle on cardiovascular disease

A

Decreased risk, regular exercise
Increased risk, increased alcohol intake
Increased risk, diabetes

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16
Q

High blood pressure on cardiovascular disease

A

High arterial pressure, heart must work harder to pump blood into them, prone to failure
HBP, more likely to develop aneurysm, burst
To resist HBP, harden arterial walls, restrict flow

17
Q

Artificial hearts

A

Portable power supply needed

Artificial ventricle, tubes out body

18
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of artificial hearts

A

No rejection
Keeps patient alive as they wait for transplant

Surgery can lead to bleeding and infection
Parts wear out and stop working
Blood does not move as smoothly, take warfarin

19
Q

Artificial valves

A

Relieves symptoms, tired (lack of aerobic resp), listlessness (lack of oxygenated blood at tissues)
Blood mixes

20
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of artificial valves

A

Prolong life

Warfarin
High risk surgery

21
Q

Stents

A

Widen weakened, blocked, narrowed arteries to increase blood flow
Small mesh tube inserted with ballow inside and inflated

22
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of stents

A

Lower myocardial infarction risk

Bleeding
Irregular heartbeat
Infection
Warfarin
Closing of arteries
23
Q

Artificial blood products

A

Blood donations not always available

No blood safety problems

24
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of artificial blood products

A

Increased shelf life
More efficient at carrying oxygen
No need to match blood group
No refrigeration

Short lasting
Expensive
Health and safety testing is problematic

AS Biology (29 decks)

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