Phase One: Week One

Question 1

In the plasma membrane, are straight tails saturated or unsaturated?

Answer 1

Saturated. These reduce fluidity.

Question 2

What is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

Answer 2

It provides strucutre and prevents the cell from becoming too fluid

Question 3

What is the glycolyx made of?

Answer 3

Carbohydrate and glycoprotein

Question 4

What are the strucutre of the nucleus?

Answer 4

Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus
Nuclear pore
Nuclear lamina
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin

Question 5

What is the function of microfilaments?

Answer 5

Movement and mechanical support

Question 6

What are microvilli made up of?

Answer 6

Microfilaments

Question 7

What is the function of microtubules?

Answer 7

Transportation and shape

Question 8

What is the function of intermediate filaments?

Answer 8

Cell strength

Question 9

What are cilia and flagella made up of?

Answer 9

Microtubules

Question 10

What place in the Golgi apparatus has phosphorylation take place?

Answer 10

Lumen

Question 11

What is the function of a melanosome?

Answer 11

A melanosome is an organelle found in animal cells and is the site for synthesis, storage and transport of melanin

Question 12

What is the features of the stratum lucidum?

Answer 12

This is a clear layer that has dead cells

Question 13

What is produced in the stratum granulosum?

Answer 13

Lamellar and Keratohyalin granules

Question 14

What type of epithelium is the skin?

Answer 14

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 15

What are the two layers of the dermis?

Answer 15

Papillary: areolar connective tissue
Reticular: dense connective tissue

Question 16

What cell carries out contraction during wound healing?

Answer 16

Myofibroblasts

Question 17

Describe the process of angiogenesis?

Answer 17

Angiogenesis will occur to allow more blood flow to the area. Dilation will me mediated by nitric oxide and increased permeability will be mediated by VEGF. This allows endothelia cells to migrate and produce more blood vessels. There will also be stem cells migrate to the area to produce new blood vessels
The wound will heal with a blood clot and this will prevent further blood loss. It will also prevent dehydration and infection.
Neutrophils will migrate to the area in first 24 hours and release proteolytic enzymes that break down any invaders. There will be inflammation.
Within 24-72 hours, fibroblasts migrate and they begin to secret a temporary matrix. There will consist of fibrin, fibronectin and collagen type three.
The provisional matrix will be replaced with collagen type one.
During maturation, the majority of inflammatory tissue and re-vascularisation is gone. The granulation tissue is replaced with dense collagen and there is a scar formation. Myo-fibroblasts carry out contraction to reduce the size of the wound.

Question 18

What affects wound healing?

Answer 18

Vitamin C deficiency 
Infection
Poor blood supply regions
Protien malnutrition 
Glucocorticoids

Question 19

What are the three destinations of the secretory pathway of proteins?

Answer 19

Plasma membrane, secretion and lysosomes

Question 20

What are the three destinations of the cytosolic pathway of proteins?

Answer 20

Mitochondria, peroxisomes, nucleus and cytosol

Question 21

What pathway do proteins destined for lysosomes take?

Answer 21

Secretory pathway

Question 22

What pathway do proteins destined for the plasma membrane take?

Answer 22

Secretory pathway

Question 23

What pathway do proteins destined for peroxisomes take?

Answer 23

Cytosolic pathway

Question 24

What is a primary lymphoid organ?

Answer 24

This is where T and B cells are made. The two kinds are the thymus and the red bone marrow

Question 25

What is a secondary lymphoid organ?

Answer 25

This is where B and T cells are activated. The types include lymph node, spleen, peyers patches

Question 26

What part of the Golgi body adds carbohydrates?

Answer 26

Cisternae

Question 27

Are the tonsils primary or secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 27

Secondary

Question 28

Where are the peyers patches?

Answer 28

Ileum

Question 29

What are the two plexus of the skin?

Answer 29

• Deep cutaneous

- Superficial sub-papillary

Question 30

Where is the deep cutaneous plexus located?

Answer 30

This is at the dermal-hypodermal junction.

Question 31

What is the superficial sub-papillary plexus located?

Answer 31

This is just beneath the papillary layer of the dermis

Question 32

What does the deep cutaneous plexus of the skin supply?

Answer 32

The adipose tissue, the hair and sweat glands and deeper dermis.

Question 33

What does the superficial sub-papillary plexus supply?

Answer 33

The capillaries of the papillary layer. The pink pigmentation of the skin is due to these capillaries.

Question 34

What are the four nerve endings of the skin?

Answer 34

• Merkel disc
• Pacinain corpuscles
• Ruffini terminals
• Meissner’s corpuscles

Question 35

What are the two fast adapting nerve endings of the skin?

Answer 35

• Meissner’s

- Pacinain

Question 36

What are the two slowly adapting nerve endings of the skin?

Answer 36

• Merkel discs

- Ruffini

Question 37

Are Meissner’s corpuscles slow of fast?

Answer 37

Fast

Question 38

Are Ruffini nerve endings slow or fast?

Answer 38

Slow

Question 39

Are Pacinian’s nerve ending slow or fast?

Answer 39

Fast

Question 40

Are Merkel discs fast or slow?

Answer 40

Slow

Question 41

What do Meissner’s nerve ending respond to?

Answer 41

These are fast-adapting to light tough

Question 42

What do Pacinian’s nerve ending respond to?

Answer 42

These are fast-adapting to vibration and pressure

Question 43

What do Merkel discs respond to?

Answer 43

These are slow adapting to pressure and texture

Question 44

What do Ruffini terminals respond to?

Answer 44

These are slowly adapting to Skin stretch