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Medicine Phase One > Phase One: Week Four > Flashcards

Phase One: Week Four Flashcards

1
Q

The TNM staging is commonly used for cancer. What does TNM stand for?

A

T: tumour
N: nodes
M: metastases

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2
Q

What are the four stages of the T category in the TNM system?

A

T1: tumour invaded only submucosae and mucosa
T2: tumour invaded muslce layer
T3: tumour invaded serosa layer
T4: tumour outside of the tissue

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3
Q

What are the three stages of the N category in the TNM system?

A

N0: no nodes affected
N1: 1-3 nodes affected
N2: >4 nodes affected

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4
Q

What are the two stages of the M category in the TNM system?

A

M0: no metastases
M1: metastases

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5
Q

What are the different stages of the number staging of cancer and what do the mean?

A

Stage One: the cancer is obtained in the organ (T1, N0, M0)
Stage Two: the cancer is within the organ but is larger and there may be lymph nodes involved (T2-3, N0-1, M0)
Stage Three: the cancer has spread to surrounding tissue and lymph nodes (T4, N1-2, M0)
Stage Four: the caner has metastases (Any T, Any N, M1)

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6
Q

What is the meaning of neoplasia?

A

Abnormal growth

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7
Q

What is the meaning of anaplasia?

A

Loss of cellular differentiation

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8
Q

What is the meaning of dysplasia?

A

Change in cell or tissue and abnormal growth

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9
Q

What is the meaning of metaplasia?

A

A change from one type of differentiated tissue to anothe

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10
Q

What are the four ways that cancer can spread?

A

Lymphatic : through lymph nodes
Transcoelomic: through body cavities
Haematogenous: through blood
Canalicular: though anatomical canalicular spaces for example bile duct or urinary system

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11
Q

What is the difference between dysplasia and metaplasia?

A

Dysplasia is cancerous whereas Metaplasia is non-cancerous.

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12
Q

What are the three developmental stages of life before birth and give their timings?

A

Pre-implantation: weeks 1-2
Embryonic: weeks 2-8
Fetal: weeks 9- 28

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13
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the pancreas?

A

Endoderm

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14
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the tooth enamel?

A

Ectoderm

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15
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the notochord?

A

Mesoderm

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16
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the thyroid gland?

A

Endoderm

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17
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the Adrenal medulla?

A

Ectoderm

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18
Q

Which germ layer gives rise to the Adrenal cortex?

A

Mesoderm

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19
Q

What is the difference is the germ layer derivates in the adrenal cortex and medulla?

A

The Adrenal cortex is from the mesoderm and the Adrenal Medulla is from the ectoderm.

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20
Q

What cyclin-dependent kinase is used for regulation of the S phase?

A

CDK 2 - Cyclin E

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21
Q

What occurs in G1?

A

Cells grow and prepare for DNA synthesis.

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22
Q

What occurs in the S phase?

A

DNA synthesis

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23
Q

What occurs in G2?

A

The organelles duplicate and cells grow

24
Q

Give two examples of proto-oncogenes

A

MyC and RAS

25
Q

What do oncogenes code for?

A

Hyperactive protein or a normal protein with abnormal quantities, wrong time or wrong type

26
Q

What three mechanisms forms a hyperactive protien?

A

Point mutation, deletion, chromosomal rearrangement

27
Q

What mechanism forms a normal protein with wrong qualities?

A

Gene amplification

28
Q

What does p53 switch on during low levels of DNA damage?

A

p21

29
Q

What is the function of E-cadherin?

A

Holds epithelial cells together. Cancer cells will often by deficient in this.

30
Q

Name two chemicals that cancer uses to spread

A

MMPs and uPA (urokinase plasminogen activator)

31
Q

How do cancer cells avoid the need for extracellular signals for cell proliferation?

A

Activation of proto-oncogenes

32
Q

How co cancer cells avoid mechanisms that impose constraints on cell proliferation?

A

Loss of tumour suppressor gene and constitute telomerase expression

33
Q

What does the drug Herceptin bind to and what illness is it used for?

A

This is used for breast cancer and it binds to HER2

34
Q

What does the drug Avastin bind to and what illness is it used for?

A

This targets VEGF and is used for colorectal cancer

35
Q

What does the drug Iressa bind to and what illness is it used for?

A

This targets EGFR and is used for lung cancer

36
Q

Give some examples of endocrine signals

A

These include adrenaline, testosterone, insulin oestrogen. melatonin, ADH

37
Q

How do T cells participate in autocrine signalling?

A

T cells release IL-2 and this binds to the T cells again and causes proliferation and differentiation.

38
Q

What type of signal can diffuse straight through the membrane?

A

Hydrophobic

39
Q

How do steroid hormones elicit their effect?

A

These diffuse through the membrane and bind to a intracellular receptor and affect transcription,

40
Q

What is the time scale for G1?

A

10 hours

41
Q

What is the time scale for S phase?

A

7.5 hours

42
Q

What is the time scale for G2?

A

3.5 hours

43
Q

What is the maturation promoting factor?

A

CDK 1 cyclin B

44
Q

Give an example of a stable cell

A

Liver

45
Q

Give an example of a permanent cell

A

Brain, Heart, Neurons

46
Q

What chromosome is MYC located on?

A

8

47
Q

What are some characteristics of a benign tumour?

A

Resembles the origin, slow growth, normal mitosis, small nuclei, pressure effects, hormone secretion, local excision, not cancerous

48
Q

What are some characteristics of a malignant tumour?

A

This is less differentiated, fast growth, numerous and atypical nuclei, increased DNA, numerous mitosis, local pressure effects, cancerous

49
Q

What are the six hallmarks of cancer?

A 
Self sufficiency for growth signals 
Avoiding apoptosis
Insensitivity to inhibitory growth signals
Able to metastasis 
Angiogenesis
Unlimited potential to divide
50
Q

What mutations generally occur in oncogenes?

A

Specific translocation and point mutation

51
Q

What mutations generally occur in tumour suppressor genes?

A

Deletions or mutations

52
Q

How are white parts shown up on an X-ray?

A

Dense parts do not absorb radiation.

53
Q

What are the four types of tissue in the body?

A

Muscle, Connective, Nervous and Epithelial

54
Q

What is the meaning of polymorphic?

A

Cells/ Nuclei being different in their size and shape

55
Q

What is the meaning of high nuclear -cytoplasmic ratio?

A

The nuclei take up more of the cell that the cytoplasm

56
Q

What is a sarcoma?

A

Tumour of connective tissue

57
Q

What is a carcinoma?

A

Tumour of epithelial tissue

Medicine Phase One (44 decks)

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