Phase One: Week Three

Question 1

What is a cell’s Potency?

Answer 1

Cell potency is a cell’s ability to differentiate into other cell types The more cell types a cell can differentiate into, the greater its potency.

Question 2

What is gene expression?

Answer 2

Process by which information from a gene is used to synthesis a functional gen product

Question 3

Name the five main types of wounds

Answer 3

• Abrasion
• Degloving
• Incised: stabbing and slashing
• Laceration
• Bites

Question 4

What are the characteristics of Blood loss, Total Blood percentage, Pulse, Blood pressure, Respiraoty rate, Urine production and Mental status in class one shock?

Answer 4

Blood loss: up to 750ml
Total Blood percentage: up to 15%
Pulse: <100
Blood pressure: normal
Respiraoty rate: 14-20
Urine production: 30mls
Mental status: normal

Question 5

What are the characteristics of Blood loss, Total Blood percentage, Pulse, Blood pressure, Respiraoty rate, Urine production and Mental status in class two shock?

Answer 5

Blood loss: 750ml - 1000ml
Total Blood percentage: 15-30%
Pulse: >100
Blood pressure: normal
Respiraoty rate: 20-30
Urine production: 20-30mls
Mental status: mild anxiety

Question 6

What are the characteristics of Blood loss, Total Blood percentage, Pulse, Blood pressure, Respiraoty rate, Urine production and Mental status in class three shock?

Answer 6

Blood loss: 1500ml - 2000ml
Total Blood percentage: 30-40%
Pulse: >120
Blood pressure: decreased
Respiraoty rate: 30-40
Urine production: 5-15mls
Mental status: anxiety

Question 7

What are the characteristics of Blood loss, Total Blood percentage, Pulse, Blood pressure, Respiraoty rate, Urine production and Mental status in class four shock?

Answer 7

Blood loss: >2000ml
Total Blood percentage: ?40%
Pulse: >140
Blood pressure: decreased
Respiraoty rate: >40
Urine production: neglible
Mental status: confused

Question 8

What does ABCDE stand for?

Answer 8

A: Airway
B: Breathing
C: Circulatory
D: Disability (AUFPUA)
E: Exposure 
G can be used for Glucose

Question 9

What are the components of blood?

Answer 9

55% plasma
1% white blood cells and platelets
45% red blood cells

Question 10

What is blood plasma?

Answer 10

This is a yellow liquid that holds blood cells in suspension. It is 95% water and also has dissolved protien glucose, clotting factors, electrolytes, hormones, CO2 and O2

Question 11

What affect does Prostaglandin I2 have on platelets?

Answer 11

Prevent aggregation

Question 12

What affect does ADP-ase have on platelets?

Answer 12

Induces activation

Question 13

What negative molecule do platelets release during homeostasis that give a surface for clotting factors?

Answer 13

Phosphatidylserine

Question 14

When is the last stage that a red blood cell will have a nucleus, during its formation?

Answer 14

Orthochromatic erythroblast

Question 15

During Haematopoiesis, what is the colour change of the cytoplasm from the start tot finish?

Answer 15

Blue to Pink

Question 16

What is the colour of a red blood cells cytoplasm and why is it this colour?

Answer 16

This is pink due to the absence of ribosomes and high protein concentration

Question 17

Explain the triage system (Manchester)

Answer 17

Red: seen straight away (immediate)
Orange: seen in 10 minutes (very urgent)
Yellow: seen in 60 minutes (urgent)
Green: seen in 120 minutes (standard)
Blue: seen in 240 minutes (non-urgent)

Question 18

What does the colour blue mean in the Manchester triage system?

Answer 18

Blue: seen in 240 minutes (non-urgent)

Question 19

What does the colour green mean in the Manchester triage system?

Answer 19

Green: seen in 120 minutes (standard)

Question 20

What does the colour yellow mean in the Manchester triage system?

Answer 20

Yellow: seen in 60 minutes (urgent)

Question 21

What does a triage nurse do?

Answer 21

The primary role of a triage nurse is to make a first assessment on any incoming patients to the emergency room. This job asks triage nurses to make quick decisions about the priority of admittance as a means of deciding the order in which patients will receive treatment.

Question 22

Name five bodily fluids that are not at high risk of infection (unless blood stained)

Answer 22

Salvia, Urine, Vomit, Sweat, Faeces

Question 23

Is breast milk a high risk fluid?

Answer 23

Yes

Question 24

What is the first cell involved in blood formation?

Answer 24

Multipotent stem cell

Question 25

What is the role of thrombomodulin?

Answer 25

This binds to thrombin and activate the proteins C and S. This prevents coagulation by activate Antithrombin III and de-activating TF.

Question 26

What is Antithrombin II an inhibitor of?

Answer 26

Factor Xa and thrombin

Question 27

What is hydrated aluminium silicate?

Answer 27

Kaolin. This is an activator factor XII

Question 28

What is the role of cephalin?

Answer 28

Platelet phospholipid substrate

Question 29

What is added to the patients blood during PTT test?

Answer 29

TF source and calcium chloride..

Question 30

Where is there an increase in mixed venous oxygen saturation during distributive shock?

Answer 30

Due to the increased vasodilation, there is very little resistance and this means that there is little time for the oxygen to unload and hence more oxygen is returned to the heart.

Question 31

What three things do endotoxins caused during septic shock?

Answer 31

• breakdown endothelium, causing the release of NO and this causes vasodilation
• activates complement and this causes mast cells to secrete histamine, another vasodilator
• activates macrophages and neutrophils and these lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-1)
  The inflammation causes the blood vessels to become leaky and this allows more inflammatory cells to migrate.
  The endothelium will release TF and the decease in anti-coagulants due to them being used up during septic shock, will cause blood clots.

Question 32

Which cyclin/CDK complex is important at the start of S phase and phosphorylates proteins needed for DNA replication?

Answer 32

Cyclin A / CDK 2