Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology (CalPolyPomona S'18 - C. Waters) > Chapter 9 (Midterm 1) > Flashcards

Chapter 9 (Midterm 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the differences between force generation and sacromere length?

A

larger fiber = greater force || more actin/myosin = more cross-bridges forming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In length-tension relationship, what shape does the graph have?

A

active tension developed in the stimulated fiber = parabolic || passive tension in relaxed fiber = exponential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the size principle in muscle?

A

small motor neurons = stimulated fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is tetanus?

A

maintained contraction in response to repetitive stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is summation?

A

increase in muscle tension from successive APs happening during the phase of mechanical activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a twitch?

A

a mechanical response of a muscle fiber to a single AP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are fast-oxidative-glycolytic fibers?

A

combine high myosin-ATPase activity with high oxidative capacity and intermediate glycolytic capacity?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are slow-oxidative fibers?

A

combine low myosin-ATPase activity with high oxidative capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are fast-glycolytic fibers?

A

combine high myosin ATPase activity with high glycolytic capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is isometric conctraction?

A

muscle develops tension but does not shorten/lengthen || constant length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is concentric contraction?

A

tension exceeds load = muscle fiber shortening occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are fast-twitch fibers?

A

reach peak tension faster than slow twitch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is cross-bridge cycling?

A

cycle between cross-bridge binds to thin filament, moves –> cycle repeats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In the cross-bridge cycle, when is ATP needed?

A

Step 3 in order to cause cross-bridge to detach from actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How is cross-bridge cycling controlled?

A

myosin light chain phosphorylation / hydrolysis of ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How is cross-bridge cycling stopped?

A

ATP must stay unhydrolyzed to prevent attachment of cross bridges to myosin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are cross-bridges

A

the two globular myosin heads attached (bridged) together by the myosin tails

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

During the cross-bridge cycle, what happens to actin and myosin?

A

when myosin is energized via ATP hydrolysis, it binds to actin; ATP binding to myosin breaks this linkage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the structure of skeletal muscle cell?

A

myofibrils, sarcoplasmic reticulum, terminal cisternae, transverse tubules, mitochondrion, cytosol/plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the form of skeletal muscle?

A

striated muscle due to the arrangement of the thick/thin filaments (myofibrils)

21
Q

What are the skeletal muscle’s functions?

A

support and movement

22
Q

What are myofibrils function?

A

contraction

23
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum and its function?

A

muscle endoplasmic reticulum that stores Ca2+ and is released after membrane excitation

24
Q

What are the characteristics of a skeletal muscle fiber?

A

multinucleated, many mitochondria, myofibrils/sarcomeres, and Transverse tubules

25
Q

What is a motor end-plate of a neuromuscular junction?

A

the highly folded post-synaptic side

26
Q

What is the muscle metabolic function under aerobic conditions?

A

production of ATP via ox-phos or glycolysis (less ATP, suitable for low O2)

27
Q

What size of muscle fibers are better suited for the GLYCOLYTIC pathway and what is the purpose?

A

larger fibers for strong contractions due to strenuous activity = low O2 conditions

28
Q

What size of muscle fibers are better suited for the OX-PHOS pathway and what is the purpose?

A

small fibers

29
Q

In length-tension relationship, where is the maximum force generated?

A

at the optimal length

30
Q

In length-tension relationship, what causes changes in the force generated?

A

the muscle length

31
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction?

A

synapse-like junction between an axon terminal of an efferent nerve fiber and a skeletal muscle fiber

32
Q

What is a synapse?

A

junctions between neurons

33
Q

Where are neuromuscular junctions located?

A

skeletal muscle

34
Q

Where are synapses located?

A

between neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell

35
Q

How is contraction stopped?

A

sarcoplasmic Ca2+ must be lowered by closing the ryanodine receptors and removing extracellular Ca2+ via ATPase and Na/Ca exchanger

36
Q

What is the structure of smooth muscle?

A

single nucleated, unstriated, actin/myosin in parallel arrangement and anchored to connective tissues at dense bodies

37
Q

What is the form of smooth muscle?

A

smooth not striated due to actin and myosin not arranged in sarcomeres, no myofibrils

38
Q

What are the functions of smooth muscle?

A

allows organ or blood vessel to undergo change in volume (stretching)

39
Q

What is a single unit smooth muscle?

A

less innervated and more gap junctions

40
Q

What is a multi-unit smooth muscle?

A

very innervated and few/no gap junctions,

41
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

blood vessels and internal organs

42
Q

Define innervate?

A

to supply with nerves

43
Q

Which of the three muscles does it contract the slowest?

A

smooth muscle

44
Q

What effect do fast glycolytic fibers have on fatigue?

A

fatigue very rapidly, highly susceptible to fatigue

45
Q

What kind of force do fast glycolytic fibers generate?

A

fast and strong movements

46
Q

What effect do fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers have on fatigue?

A

have an intermediate capacity to resist fatigue

47
Q

What kind of force do fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers have on fatigue?

A

intermediate force-generating ability

48
Q

What effect do slow oxidative fibers have on fatigue?

A

very resistant to fatigue = maintain contractile activity for long periods & barely loss of tension

49
Q

What kind of force do slow oxidative fibers have on fatigue?

A

does not produce a lot of tension or contraction, used for maintaining posture and fine movements — small non-rigorous things

Physiology (CalPolyPomona S'18 - C. Waters) (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions