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Physiology (CalPolyPomona S'18 - C. Waters) > Chapter 13 (Midterm 2) > Flashcards

Chapter 13 (Midterm 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the upper airways (that including those in the neck and head)

A

nasal and oral cavities, pharynx, larynx, glottis, epiglottis,

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2
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

passage for air and food

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3
Q

What is the larynx?

A

passage for air

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4
Q

What is the glottis?

A

opening of the larynx

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5
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

flap that prevents food from entering the glottis

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6
Q

Where are vocal chords located?

A

in the larynx

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7
Q

What does the thoracic cavity consist of?

A

lung, pleural sac, diaphragm

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8
Q

What are pleural sacs?

A

like a fluid-filled balloon wrapped around the lungs

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9
Q

What is the trachea?

A

a long tube the larynx opens into

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10
Q

What are the bronchi?

A

the two bronchi the trachea branched into

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11
Q

What do the bronchi branch out as?

A

bronchioles

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12
Q

What do the bronchioles branch out as?

A

terminal bronchioles

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13
Q

What branches are part of the conducting zone?

A

trachea –> terminal bronchioles

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14
Q

What branches are part of the respiratory zone?

A

respiratory bronchioles –> aveolar sacs

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15
Q

What do the terminal bronchioles branch out as?

A

respiratory bronchioles

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16
Q

What do the respiratory bronchioles branch out as?

A

alveolar ducts

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17
Q

What do the alveolar ducts branch out as?

A

alveolar sacs

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18
Q

What are alveoli?

A

air-filled sacs

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19
Q

What is the function of alveoli?

A

sites of gas exchange with blood

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20
Q

What are type I alveolar cells?

A

continuous layer of one-cell thick flat epithelial cells

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21
Q

What are type II alveolar cells?

A

thicker specialized and interspersed cells

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22
Q

What are the branches wrapped in?

A

smooth muscle (for contraction)

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23
Q

What is the pleural sac filled with?

A

intrapleural fluid

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24
Q

What is bulk flow?

A

the process of rapidly moving materials over a large distance using a pressure source (heart)

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25
Q

What is intrapleural pressure (Pip)

A

the pressure in the pleural cavity that fluctuates with breathing

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26
Q

What type of pressure must intrapleural pressure stay at?

A

always negative

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27
Q

What may happen if fluid accumulates in the intrapleural cavity?

A

positive Pip pressure develops and lung may collapse

28
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

pressure that keeps lung spaces open and prevents lungs from collapsing

29
Q

What is the effect of a greater transpulmonary pressure?

A

larger lungs will be

30
Q

In what other cases will the lung collapse?

A

IF Pip = Patm; Pip = Ppul; +Pip

31
Q

What is minute ventilation?

A

total volume of air entering and leaving respiratory system per minute

32
Q

What does minute ventilation not tell you?

A

how much air entered the respiratory zone

33
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

volume of air reaching the gas exchange areas per minute

34
Q

What is hypoventilation?

A

an increase in alveolar CO2 pressure, disease that prevents normal elimination of CO2

35
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

decrease in alveolar CO2 pressure

36
Q

How is O2 transported?

A

through hemoglobin in RBCs

37
Q

How is CO2 transported?

A

as bicarbonate, can bind to Hb as dissolved CO2

38
Q

Is O2 dissolved?

A

yes

39
Q

Is CO2 dissolved?

A

not all of it

40
Q

Where can O2 be stored?

A

lungs and organs

41
Q

Where can CO2 be stored?

A

in capillaries as bicarbonate

42
Q

What is the role of carbonic anhydrase?

A

converts CO2 into bicarbonate and maintains blood pH

43
Q

How does the body deal with the additional acid produced?

A

deO2 Hb picks it up = HbH and it will combine with HCO3(2) to make H2O

44
Q

Which is more acidic? Venous or arterial blood?

A

venous

45
Q

What is respiratory acidosis and what is it caused by?

A

arterial [H+] increases as well as (P)CO2 due to hypoventilation

46
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis and what is it caused by?

A

significant decrease of [H+] and (P)CO2 due to hyperventilation

47
Q

What is ventilation?

A

the exchange of air between the atmosphere and alveoli

48
Q

How does hypoventilation affect alveolar ventilation?

A

amount of CO2 being produced is faster than the alveolar ventilation pace

49
Q

How does hyperventilation affect alveolar ventilation?

A

alveolar ventilation pace is faster than the amount of CO2 being produced

50
Q

What is the two components of the medullary respiratory center?

A

the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups

51
Q

What is the dorsal respiratory group?

A

neurons in the medulla that fire during inspiration

52
Q

What is the ventral respiratory group?

A

neurons in the medulla that fire during inspiration and also contain expiratory neurons

53
Q

What is the function of the medullary respiratory center?

A

controls the neural activity of the neurons in the respiratory muscles

54
Q

What is the function of the ventral respiratory group?

A

set basal respiratory rate, controls rhythm of ventilation

55
Q

When are expiratory neurons activated?

A

during exercise

56
Q

What does the ventral respiratory group consist of?

A

respiratory rhythm generator

57
Q

What is the pre-Bötzinger complex?

A

neurons where the respiratory rhythm generator is located

58
Q

What does the rhythm generator complex composed of?

A

pacemaker cells and complex neural network

59
Q

When would you need the expiratory neurons to work the most?

A

during large increases of ventilation such as during strenuous physical activity

60
Q

What is ramp? (in terms of inspiration)

A

the steady increase of the frequency of action potentials in quiet breathing

61
Q

What are the phrenic nerves?

A

main motor nerves innervating the diaphragm, providing the impulses to inspire

62
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

max volume of air a person can expire after a maximal inspiration

63
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

volume of air entering lungs during a single inspiration

64
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A

max amount of air that can be increased above tidal volume during deepest inspiration

65
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

additional expired volume

Physiology (CalPolyPomona S'18 - C. Waters) (11 decks)

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