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Physiology (CalPolyPomona S'18 - C. Waters) > Ch 1 (Midterm 1) > Flashcards

Ch 1 (Midterm 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major types of tissues?

A

epithelial, muscular, neural, and connective tissues

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2
Q

What are the general functions of epithelial tissue?

A

selective secretion and absorption of ions and organic molecules and for protection

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3
Q

Where are epithelial tissues located?

A

surfaces that cover the body or organs, line inner surfaces of the tubular and hollow structures within the body

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4
Q

What are the general functions of muscular tissue?

A

generate mechanical force

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5
Q

Where are muscular tissue located?

A

skeletal=bones/skin | cardiac and smooth=heart and tubal structures like digestive tract and blood vessels

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6
Q

What are the general functions of neural tissue?

A

to initiate, integrate, and conduct electrical signals to other cells and provide a means of controlling the activities of other cells

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7
Q

Where are neural tissue located?

A

found in the nervous system

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8
Q

What are the general functions of connective tissue?

A

connect, anchor, and support the structures of the body and form extracellular matrix

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9
Q

Where are connective tissues located?

A

throughout the body depending on the kind of connective tissue

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10
Q

What is loose connective tissue?

A

connective tissues found in loose meshwork of cells and fiber underlying epithelial tissue

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11
Q

What is dense connective tissue?

A

tough rigid tissue making up tendons and ligaments

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12
Q

What is the extracellular matrix?

A

the environment that surrounds the cells in the body including the extracellular fluid

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13
Q

Other than loose and dense connective tissue, what other ones are there?

A

bone, cartilage, adipose, and blood

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14
Q

Functions of the extracellular matrix?

A

provides a scaffold for cellular attachments and transmits chemical messengers (info) to cells to regulate them

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15
Q

What does the extracellular fluid of the matrix composed of?

A

proteins, carbohydrates, elastin and collagen fibers

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16
Q

What ions and relative amounts of it are in the extracellular fluid?

A

100+ of Na & Cl || 5> of Ca and K

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17
Q

What ions and relative amounts of it are in the intracellular fluid?

A

100+ K || 10< Na/Cl || 1> Ca

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18
Q

What is plasma?

A

extracellular fluid that is the fluid portion of the blood

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19
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

fluid that makes up most of the extracellular fluid

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20
Q

What is intracellular fluid?

A

fluid within all cells in the body, makes up most of the fluid in the body

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21
Q

What is the intracellular fluid composed of?

A

proteins that are important for regulating cellular events like growth and metabolism

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22
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

the maintenance of the internal environment

23
Q

How is homeostasis maintained?

A

sensors detect changes from set point > system processes/integrates sensory input > send out appropriate signals > signals trigger effector systems to go back to set point

24
Q

Is homeostasis a simple process?

A

it is a dynamic process

25
Q

How do we measure changes (sensory input) and correct for them in homeostasis?

A

integrating center will receive those messages and send output signals to correct for them

26
Q

What is homeostatic controls system

A

mechanisms that mediate responses to change the internal environment to maintain homeostasis; includes positive and negative feedback

27
Q

What is an integrating center?

A

receives sensory input and initiates response to maintain homeoestasis

28
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

amplification of an effect by its own influence to reinforce its process

29
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

when the system’s response reverses a process

30
Q

What is equilibrium in terms of homeostasis?

A

energy is not required to maintain the constancy, no change in a particular variable

31
Q

What is a steady state in terms of homeostasis?

A

energy input is needed to maintain constancy to achieve no change in a particular variable

32
Q

What is a set point in terms of homeostasis?

A

the steady state value maintained by the homeostatic control system

33
Q

What is the integrator part of the integrating center?

A

the brain region that compares the actual value of a variable (ie: body temp) to its set point

34
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

neural/hormonal components in the pathway that mediate a reflex

35
Q

What is efferent?

A

component of reflex arc that moves info from integrating center > effector

36
Q

What is afferent?

A

component of reflex arc that moves info from receptor > integrating center

37
Q

What links the efferent and afferent branches of the reflex arc?

A

integrating center (the brain)

38
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

movement of molecules from one location to another based on random thermal motion

39
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

uses a transporter channel to move larger molecules down its concentration gradient

40
Q

What is primary active transport?

A

active transport (against concentration gradient) via ATPases, ex: Na/K ATPase

41
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

moving ion down its electrochemical gradient coupled with transporting a large molecule against its concentration gradient

42
Q

What is the function of simple diffusion?

A

help maintain homeostasis

43
Q

What is the function of facilitated diffusion?

A

to move larger molecules down its concentration gradient across a plasma membrane

44
Q

What is the function of primary active diffusion?

A

(Na/K ATPase) establish/maintain extracellular/intracellular concentrations of Na (extracellular) and K (intracellular)

45
Q

What is the function of secondary active diffusion?

A

to move a large molecule (ie: proteins) against its concentration gradient)

46
Q

What are the three ion gated channels?

A

ligand, voltage, and leak

47
Q

Where are ligand-ion channels located?

A

dendrites and cell body of neurons

48
Q

Where are voltage-ion channels located?

A

axon and synapse

49
Q

Where are leak channels located?

A

dendrites, cell body, and axon

50
Q

What is the function of ligand-ion gated channels?

A

responsible for synaptic potentials, incoming messages to the neuron

51
Q

How do ion channels discriminate between ions?

A

the charge and size of ion and how much water it attracts

52
Q

What is the function of voltage-ion gated channels?

A

directionally propagate electrical signals

53
Q

What is the function of leak-ion channels?

A

responsible for resting membrane potential

Physiology (CalPolyPomona S'18 - C. Waters) (11 decks)

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