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Physiology (CalPolyPomona S'18 - C. Waters) > Endocrine System (Final Exam) > Flashcards

Endocrine System (Final Exam) Flashcards

1
Q

What are exocrine glands? Examples?

A

gland that secretes products through a duct opening || ex: sweat and saliva glands

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2
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

ductless glands that secrete hormones into interstitial fluid then into bloodstream to reach distant target cells

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3
Q

What distinguishes exocrine from endocrine glands?

A

exocrine secretions end up outside of the body || endocrine secretions end up inside the body (ex: into bloodstream or another organ)

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4
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

“hormone-controlling” hormone || stimulates the secretion of another hormone

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5
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

primary endocrine gland

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6
Q

What is the role/function of the hypothalamus?

A

responsible for integrating together the neural, endocrine, and behavioral functions especially those involved with regulating the internal environment

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7
Q

What is the short-loop feedback?

A

hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland exerts negative-feedback to hypothalamus

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8
Q

What is the long-loop feedback?

A

hormone secreted by 3rd endocrine gland exerts negative-feedback to both/either anterior pituitary and/or hypothalamus

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9
Q

What is the median eminence?

A

junction of hypothalamus and infundibulum

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10
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

connects pituitary gland and hypothalamus

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11
Q

***What influences the release of tropic hormones?

A

-

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12
Q

What is a permissive effect?

A

hormone-hormone interaction || hormone A needs to be present (even at low concentrations) in order for hormone B to exert its full effect

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13
Q

What releases the tropic hormone?

A

Hypothalamus

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14
Q

What are trophic hormones?

A

hormones that have a growth effect on the tissues its stimulating || regulates endocrine organ size

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15
Q

What is hyposecretion?

A

secretion of too little hormones

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16
Q

What is hypersecretion?

A

secretion of too much hormones

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17
Q

What do hyporesponsiveness and hyperresponsiveness refer to?

A

when the target cells don’t respond properly to a hormone

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18
Q

What is the adrenal gland?

A

a pair of endocrine glands (consisting of outer adrenal cortex and inner adrenal medulla) above each kidney

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19
Q

What are the 4 layers of the adrenal gland?

A

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis, adrenal medulla

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20
Q

What hormone does the zona glomerulosa layer of the adrenal gland produce?

A

mineralocorticoid (ie: aldosterone)

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21
Q

What hormone does the zona fasciculata layer of the adrenal gland produce?

A

glucocorticoids (ie: cortisol)

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22
Q

What hormone does the zona reticularis layer of the adrenal gland produce?

A

androgens (ie: DHEA and androstenedione)

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23
Q

What hormone does the medulla layer of the adrenal gland produce?

A

epinephrine

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24
Q

What is epinephrine?

A

hormone that regulates organic metabolism (aka adrenaline)

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25
Q

**How is epinephrine released?

A

the autonomic nervous system sends signals (action potential) to the sympathetic preganglionic fibers

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26
Q

What are the hormones that respond to stress (“fight-or-flight”)?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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27
Q

What is the adrenal medulla?

A

modified sympathetic ganglion whose cell bodies do not have axons

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28
Q

What is the cortical segment of the adrenal gland?

A

outer part of the adrenal gland - secretes steroid hormones

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29
Q

What is the medulla segment of the adrenal gland?

A

inner part of the adrenal gland - secretes amine hormones

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30
Q

What is the differences between the cortical and medulla segments of the adrenal gland?

A

cortical = steroid hormones || medulla = amine hormones

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31
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

endocrine gland that lies in bony pocket below hypothalamus; consists of anterior/posterior lobes

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32
Q

What is the anterior pituitary?

A

the anterior lobe of the pituitary consists of glands and endocrine cells, no neural cells are present unlike posterior

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33
Q

What is the posterior pituitary?

A

the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland that is an extension of the neural components of the hypothalamus

34
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary produce?

A

growth hormone (GH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) [GAP-LiFT]

35
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?

A

oxytocin and vasopressin

36
Q

What is the thyroid gland?

A

large ductless gland in the neck that secretes hormones regulating growth and development through the rate of metabolism

37
Q

What is the role of iodine in the thyroid gland?

A

to create thyroid hormones T3 and T4 which are combinations of iodine and amino acid Tyrosine

38
Q

What causes goiters?

A

when thyroid gland is exposed to too much TSH

39
Q

What are thyroid follicles?

A

composed of a surrounding layer of specialized follicular cells that encloses a colloid

40
Q

What is a colloid?

A

protein rich core of a thyroid follicle

41
Q

What is iodide trapping?

A

circulating iodide is actively cotransported with sodium ions across the basolateral membranes of the epithelial cells

42
Q

What are thyroid hormones?

A

control the basal metabolic rate and are necessary for growth and development - T4 and T3

43
Q

What is calcitonin?

A

regulates blood calcium levels

44
Q

What is a goiter?

A

an enlarged thyroid gland

45
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

condition characterized by decreased plasma concentrations of T3/T4

46
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

increased plasma concentrations of T3/T4

47
Q

What does absorptive state mean?

A

after eating, have a lot of glucose and amino acids etc that need to be absorbed = causes an increase in insulin

48
Q

What does postabsorptive state mean?

A

after what you ate has been absorbed = release of glucagon

49
Q

How does the absorptive/post-absorptive state compare to neurons?

A

increase of stimulus = increase in APs (increase in hormone = increase of its action) || decrease of stimulus = decrease of APs (decrease in hormone = decrease its effect)

50
Q

What is the primary molecule used for energy?

A

ATP/GTP

51
Q

What is the result of an increase of plasma insulin?

A

increase in glucose uptake/utilization

52
Q

What is the result of a decrease of plasma insulin?

A

decrease in glucose uptake/utilization

53
Q

How many hypothalamic tropic hormones are there?

A

7

54
Q

What is PRH? What kind of hormone is this? What hormone does it affect?

A

prolactin releasing hormone - tropic - prolactin

55
Q

What is PIH? What kind of hormone is this? What hormone does it affect?

A

prolactin inhibiting hormone - tropic - prolactin and dopamine

56
Q

What is TRH? What kind of hormone is this? What hormone does it affect?

A

thyrotropin releasing hormone - tropic - thyroid hormone

57
Q

What is CRH? What kind of hormone is this? What hormone does it affect?

A

cortical releasing hormone - tropic - adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

58
Q

What is GHRH? What kind of hormone is this? What hormone does it affect?

A

growth hormone releasing hormone - tropic - growth hormone

59
Q

What is GHIH? What kind of hormone is this? What hormone does it affect?

A

growth hormone inhibiting hormone - tropic - growth hormone

60
Q

What is GnRH? What kind of hormone is this? What hormone does it affect?

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone - tropic - luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones

61
Q

What tropic hormones regulate Growth Hormone? What kind of hormone is this?

A

GHIH (inhibiting) and GHRH (releasing) – anterior pituitary tropic hormone

62
Q

What tropic hormones regulate Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)? What kind of hormone is this?

A

cortical releasing hormone – anterior pituitary tropic hormone

63
Q

What tropic hormones regulate Prolactin? What kind of hormone is this?

A

PRH (releasing) and PIH (inhibiting) – anterior pituitary hormone

64
Q

What tropic hormones regulate Luteinizing Hormone? What kind of hormone is this?

A

GnRH (gonad releasing hormone) – anterior pituitary hormone

65
Q

What tropic hormones regulate Follicle Stimulating Hormone? What kind of hormone is this?

A

GnRH (gonad releasing hormone) – anterior pituitary hormone

66
Q

What tropic hormones regulate Thyroid Hormone? What kind of hormone is this?

A

TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone) – anterior pituitary hormone

67
Q

What is another name for the Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone?

A

Somatostatin (SST)

68
Q

What is the parathyroid glands?

A

4 glands located on the thyroid glands

69
Q

What is the parathyroid hormone?

A

protein hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands

70
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone control?

A

bone, kidney, and GI tract

71
Q

What controls parathyroid hormone production?

A

extracellular concentration of Ca2+

72
Q

What is the effect on parathyroid hormone production when there is a decrease of calcium in the extracellular

A

stimulates parathyroid hormone secretion

73
Q

What is the effect on parathyroid hormone production when there is an increase of calcium in the extracellular

A

inhibits parathyroid hormone secretion

74
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

exocrine organ helps digestion by secreting fluids and enzymes into the digestive tract

75
Q

What is glucagon?

A

hormone of the post-absorptive state – promotes breakdown of energy storage molecules (catabolic reactions)

76
Q

What is insulin?

A

hormone of the absorptive state – promotes synthesis of energy storage molecules (anabolic reactions)

77
Q

What are the differences between glucagon and insulin?

A

glucagon is part of post-absorptive state and catabolic reactions || insulin is part of absorptive state and anabolic reactions

78
Q

Where is glucagon secreted?

A

alpha pancreatic cells

79
Q

Where is insulin secreted?

A

beta pancreatic cells

80
Q

When is glucagon secreted?

A

when there is a decrease in plasma glucose levels and increase in sympathetic activity

81
Q

When is insulin secreted?

A

when there is an increase in plasma glucose levels and increase in parasympathetic activity

Physiology (CalPolyPomona S'18 - C. Waters) (11 decks)

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