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Microbiology Lecture Slides > Gram Negative Rods I > Flashcards

Gram Negative Rods I Flashcards

1
Q

Has the characteristic features of short thick rods and peritrichous flagella

A

Enterobacteriaceae

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2
Q

What is the oxidase classification of enterobacteriaceae?

A

Oxidase negative

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3
Q

Closely-related to enterobacteriaceae and has curved rods and polar flagella

A

Vibrio

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4
Q

What is the oxidase classification of Vibrio?

A

Oxidase positive

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5
Q

Curved or spiral shaped, and not closely-related to other enteric bacteria

A

Campylobacter

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6
Q

The Gram negative rods are transferred by the 4 F’s, which are

A

Feces, Fingers, Flies, and Food

-Oral-fecal transmission

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7
Q

What is the habitat for the gram negative rods?

A

Intestine

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8
Q

Intestinal defense that kills many bacteria

A

Gastric acid

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9
Q

Removes bacteria;

anti-motility drugs may prolong illness

A

Intestinal motility

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10
Q

Blocks colonization

by pathogens; Antibiotics may predispose to infection

A

Normal flora

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11
Q

What are the 4 cell types of the intestine?

A

Enterocytes, M cells, Macrophages, and Neutrophils

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12
Q

Specializedfortranscytosisofantigens to underlying lymphoid tissue

–many pathogens ‘hitch a ride’ to exit intestine

A

M cells

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13
Q

Mostly encoded by

Pathogenicity Islands, Plasmids and Phage genomes

A

Virulence factors

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14
Q

Emerges when the ‘correct’ constellation of virulence factor genes appears in a clone

A

Pathogen

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15
Q

For serotyping, what are the following antigens?

  1. ) H
  2. ) O
  3. ) K
A
  1. ) Flagella
  2. ) LPS
  3. ) Kapsule
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16
Q

Different serological types
(serotypes or serovars)
differ in

A

Virulence

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17
Q

Serotyping is useful for

A

Epidemiology

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18
Q

What are the three types of intestinal infections?

A
  1. ) Non-inflammatory
  2. ) Inflammatory
  3. ) Penetrating
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19
Q

Bacteria in lumen

A

Non-inflammatory

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20
Q

Bacteria invade wall

A

Inflammatory

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21
Q

Bacteria get beyond intestinal wall

A

Penetrating

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22
Q

Watery diarrhea; no wbc (or lactoferrin) in feces; no fever

A

Non-inflammatory enteritis

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23
Q

What are two virulence factors for non-inflammatory enteritis

A

Adhesins and exotoxins

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24
Q

Toxin deliberately secreted against endotoxin

A

Exotoxins

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25
Q

Exotoxins stimulate

A

Salt transport

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26
Q

Toxin-producing E. Coil that can cause non-inflammatory enteritis

A

Vibrio Cholerae

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27
Q

There is a vibrio cholerae endemic in

A

SE Asian

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28
Q

The first 6 pandemics of Vibrio cholerae were caused by strains of serotyping

A

O1

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29
Q

The classic O1 biotype is replaced by

A

El Tor

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30
Q

In the 7th vibrio cholerae pandemic, the classic O1 biotype was replaced by

A

O139

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31
Q

Non-pathogenic strains of Vibrio cholerae are common world-wide in

A

Salt/brackish water

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32
Q

Causes massive diarrhea:

-up to 20 liters stool per day

A

Vibrio Cholerae disease

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33
Q

What are the treatments for Vibrio cholerae disease?

A

Fluid replacement and anti-biotics (tetracycline or ampicillin)

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34
Q

What type of agars can we use to culture Vibrio cholerae

A

Blood, chocolate, MacConkey, and TCBS agar

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35
Q

Adds ADP-ribose group to Gs protein

A

A subunit of Cholera toxin

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36
Q

Permanently activates Gs which stimulates adenyl cyclase

A

Cholera toxin

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37
Q

High cAMP causes high

A

Cl- transport

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38
Q

The transporter for these Cl- ions is

A

CFTR

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39
Q

High salt concentration in intestinal lumen produces

A

Osmotic inflow of water

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40
Q

The virulence of Vibrio cholerae is from a toxin coregulated

A

Pilus (type IV pilus)

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41
Q

Common in natural waters worldwide

-The reason we can get diarrhea from eating raw fish & shellfish

A

Non-cholera Vibrios

42
Q

Require NaCl for culture, meaning they are halophiles

A

Non-cholera Vibrios

43
Q

What type of medium do non-inflammatory Vibrios grow on?

A

Thiosulfate-Citrate-Bile Salts (TCBS)

44
Q

What are the three types of E. coli that cause diarrhea?

A

Enterotoxigenic E. coli [ETEC], Enteropathogenic E. coli [EPEC], Shiga toxin producing E. coli [STEC]

45
Q

Most adults are immune to

-not immune elsewhere

A

Local ETEC

46
Q

The most common cause of “Traveler’s diarrhea”

A

ETEC

47
Q

There are two exotoxins of ETEC that are distinguished by heat sensitivity. What are they?

A

Labile Toxin (LT) and Stable Toxin (ST)

48
Q

Resembles cholera toxin, but is produced in lower amounts

A

Labile Toxin (LT)

49
Q

Structural analogue of gut peptide hormone, and stimulates a guanyl cyclase-coupled receptor

A

Stable Toxin (ST)

50
Q

Elevated cAMP or cGMP produces diarrhea as in

-Less toxin, less severe disease

A

Cholera

51
Q

ETEC can cause

-Diarrhea, often bloody, with WBC in feces

A

Inflammatory Enteritis

52
Q

Bacteria invade and kill enterocytes: induce their own phagocytosis via Type III system in

A

Inflammatory Enteritis

53
Q

In inflammatory enteritis, we see diarrhea from local production of inflammatory mediators by

A

Enterocytes and Neutrophils

54
Q

What are three types of ETECs?

A

Shigella, Salmonella, invasive E. coli, and Campylobacter

55
Q

Have a type III secretion system exports proteins to cytosol, causing cytoskeletal rearrangement

A

Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)

56
Q

Adhere to the surface of enterocytes

A

EPECs

57
Q

With EPEC infection, we see the disappearance of the

A

Brush border

58
Q

Also with EPEC infection, we see the production of a pedestal that cups the

A

Bacterium

59
Q

EPECs have filaments protruding from the bacteria. This is the

A

Type III secretion system

60
Q

Only infects humans and has a very low infectious dose

-Genetically virtually identical to E. coli

A

Shigella

61
Q

Frequent, painful, low-volume stools containing blood, wbc, mucus; abdominal cramps

A

Bacillary dysentery from Shigella

62
Q

There are 4 species of Shigella which are defined by an O-antigen. What are they?

A

S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. sonnei

63
Q

The most virulent and least common form of Shigella

A

S. dysenteriae

64
Q

The least virulent and most common form of Shigella

A

S. sonnei

65
Q

Invade and kill cells of the intestinal mucosa

-Transcytosed by M cells

A

Shigellae

66
Q

Shigellae invade enterocytes via basolateral surface & induce phagocytosis by

A

Type III system

67
Q

Lyse the phagocytic vacuole so that bacteria can enter the cytosol

A

Shigellae

68
Q

Proteins on the surface of Shigellae induce

A

Actin polymerization

69
Q

This “actin tail” then pushes bacteria through the plasma membrane into

A

Adjacent cells

70
Q

A subunit cleaves RNA of large ribosomal subunit at specific position

-AB5 structure

A

Shiga toxin

71
Q

Ribosome inactive bacteria

A

Shiga toxin

72
Q

Shiga isolates, without toxin, produce a less severe form of

A

Dysentery

73
Q

A major role of shiga toxin is in?

-Microvascular damage in the kidney. Red cell lysis

A

Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome (HUS)

74
Q

EPEC that produce Shiga-like toxin (SLT)

A

Shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC)

75
Q

Also referred to as Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) when they cause HC

A

STEC

76
Q

The shiga toxin is classified as a

A

Verotoxin

77
Q

What is the predominant serotype of STEC?

A

O157:H7

78
Q

One identification characteristic of STEC is that it is

A

Sorbitol negative

79
Q

Principal host of O157:H7 is

A

Cattle

80
Q

Named for pathologist Daniel Salmon, not the fish

-Infections with rare serological types acquired from pet reptiles

A

Non-typhoidal Salmonella

81
Q

Exit lumen via M cells, invade enterocytes, multiply locally

-Causes gastroenteritis (enterocolitis)

A

Non-typhoidal Salmonella Disease

82
Q

Induce apoptosis in macrophages via Type III system

A

Non-typhoidal Salmonella

83
Q

What are some of the characteristics of Non-typhoid Salmonella disease?

A

Non-bloody diarrhea, fever, nausea, and vomiting

84
Q

Characterized by a “Gullwing” morphology on gram stain

A

Campylobacter Jejuni

85
Q

Campylobacter jejuni is associated witgh

A

Guillian Barre Syndrome

86
Q

Common, not recognized until recently, transmitted from contaminated food (chicken)

A

Campylobacter jejuni

87
Q

What is the selective medium used for Campylobacter jejuni recovery?

A

Campy-BAP

88
Q

Associated with peptic ulcers and MALT lymphoma

A

H. Pylori

89
Q

40-80 % of adults are colonized with this bacteria that causes chronic infection of the gastric mucosa

A

Heliobacter pylori

90
Q

Resides below the mucus layer, so it escapes stomach acid

A

H. Pylori

91
Q

The pathogenic strains of H. pylori have what type of secretion system to export cytotoxin?

A

Type IV secretion

92
Q

Enzyme in H. pylori that converts urea to ammonia

A

Urease

93
Q

H. pylori is diagnosed by the

A

Breath test

94
Q

Treated with antibiotics + bismuth salt [Pepto-bismol] + proton pump inhibitor to reduce gastric acid, speed healing

A

H. Pylori

95
Q

When penetrating bacteria is in the small intestine, we see

A

Diarrhea

96
Q

Later, when penetrating bacteria has invaded/exited the large intestine, we can see

A

Systemic Febrile illness

97
Q

Adhesins, cell invasion, and the inhibition/killing of phagocytes are all virulence factors of

A

Penetrating disease

98
Q

Bacteria that travels from the intestine to the local lymph nodes

A

Yersinia

99
Q

Has a type III system translocates proteins that inhibit phagocytosis

A

Yersinia

100
Q

Painful inflammation of lymph nodes, may mimic appendicitis with

A

Yersinia infection

Microbiology Lecture Slides (24 decks)

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