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Anatomy and Physiology I > Lec Test 1 CH4 > Flashcards

Lec Test 1 CH4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the smallest “the functional unit of the body”

A

cell

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2
Q

Three main structural features of a cell

A

Plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm

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3
Q

the cell membrane that forms the outer, limiting barrier separating the internal contents of the cell from the external environment

A

Plasma membrane

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4
Q

the largest structure within the cell and is enclosed by a nuclear envelope

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

a general term for all cellular contents located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

A

Cytoplasm

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6
Q

The fluid within the nucleus is called

A

nucleoplasm

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7
Q

Modified extensions of the plasma membrane include

A

cilia, a flagellum, and microvilli

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8
Q

The three primary components of the cytoplasm are

A

cytosol, organelles, and inclusions

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9
Q

Organelles enclosed by a membrane similar to the cell membrane

A

Membrane bound organelles

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10
Q

5 membrane-bound organelles

A

endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria

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11
Q

Organelles not enclosed within a membrane, generally composed of protein

A

Non-membrane bound organelles

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12
Q

4 non-membrane bound organelles

A

ribosomes (either fixed to a membrane or free within the cytosol), the cytoskeleton, the centrosome, and proteasomes

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13
Q

clusters of a single type of molecule

A

Inclusions

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14
Q

complex organized structures with unique shapes and functions

A

organelles

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15
Q

Forms the outer, limiting barrier of the cell separating the contents of the cell from the external environment

A

plasma membrane

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16
Q

hairlike projections extending from cell membrane, move mucus and substances along the surface of tissue (eg mucus in throat)

A

Cilia

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17
Q

similar to cilia but longer, propel cells, only present in humans in sperm

A

Flagellum

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18
Q

small extensions of the cell membrane, increase surface area of tissue for nutrient absorption, eg in small intestine

A

Microvilli

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19
Q

part of the cell contains the genetic material, DNA

A

Nucleus

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20
Q

different name for cytosol

A

Intracellular fluid or cytoplasmic matrix

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21
Q

3 general functions cells perform

A

Maintain the integrity and shape of the cell, obtain nutrients and form chemical building blocks, dispose of wastes

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22
Q

type of lipid forms the plasma membrane

A

Phospholipids

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23
Q

type of protein is embedded within and extends across lipid bilayer

A

Integral proteins

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24
Q

type of protein is attached loosely to surfaces of the membrane

A

Peripheral proteins

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25
Q

6 types of proteins

A

Transport, receptor, identity, enzyme, anchoring site, cell-adhesion

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26
Q

regulate movement of substances across the plasma membrane, eg channels, carriers, pumps, symporters, antiporters

A

Transport protein

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27
Q

bind to ligands which bind to macromolecules like neurotransmitters

A

Receptor protein

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28
Q

communicate to other cells that they belong in the body, eg tagging by immune cells

A

Identity marker

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29
Q

attached to either internal or external surface of cell, catalyzes chemical reactions

A

Enzyme

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30
Q

secure cytoskeleton to plasma membrane

A

Anchoring site

31
Q

for cell-to-cell attachments (membrane junctions)

A

Cell-adhesion

32
Q

Movement of substance from high to low concentration of solute

A

diffusion

33
Q

Channel mediated or carrier mediated diffusion that moves charged or polar solutes through the plasma membrane that would otherwise be blocked

A

facilitated diffusion

34
Q

Passive movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane

A

osmosis

35
Q

the ability of a solution to change the volume or pressure of a cell by osmosis

A

Tonicity

36
Q

lower concentration of solutes than cytosol, water moves from outside cell to inside cell

A

Hypotonicity

37
Q

higher concentration of solutes than cytosol, water moves from inside the cell to outside

A

Hypertonicity

38
Q

the means by which large substances or large amounts of substances are secreted from a cell

A

Exocytosis

39
Q

the mean by which large substances or large amounts of substances are taken up by a cell

A

Endocytosis

40
Q

cellular eating, a cell engulfs a large particle external to the cell

A

phagocytosis

41
Q

cellular drinking, a cell internalizes droplets of interstitial fluid

A

pinocytosis

42
Q

uses receptor proteins to bring molecules in the interstitial fluid into the cell

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

43
Q

A plasma membrane that allows the passage of water, but its phospholipid bylayer blocks most solutes

A

selectively permeable membrane

44
Q

movemement against a concentration gradient

A

Active transport

45
Q

movement with a concentration gradient

A

passive transport

46
Q

Involves energy input to move large substances across the plasma membrane by a vesicle, a membrane-bound sac filled with substances

A

vesicular transport

47
Q

How osmosis effects cell

A

cell gains or loses water through osmosis based on tonicity of cell

48
Q

One of the most important tonic solutions in the body

A

blood

49
Q

cell shrinkage due to loss of water in a hypertonic solution

A

Crenation

50
Q

ruptured red blood cells

A

Hemolysis

51
Q

to rupture

A

lysis

52
Q

a membrane bound sac filled with materials

A

Vesicle

53
Q

active transport process that use ATP to move ions across the cell membrane

A

Ion pumps

54
Q

active transport process that requires energy to transport vesicles

A

Vesicular transport

55
Q

divided into rough and smooth; synthesizes proteins, lipids, and vesicles

A

endoplasmic reticulum

56
Q

ER that has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins

A

Rough ER

57
Q

ER that has no ribosomes and synthesizes lipids

A

Smooth ER

58
Q

organelle that makes vesicles

A

Golgi apparatus

59
Q

organelles eat unneeded substances inside the cell

A

Lysosomes

60
Q

organelles that detoxify the cell and create hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisomes

61
Q

organelle that creates ATP, engage in aerobic respiration

A

Mitochondria

62
Q

adenosine triphosphate, cellular energy

A

ATP

63
Q

organelle that synthesizes proteins

A

Ribosomes

64
Q

type of ribosome bound to rough ER, synthesize protein

A

Bound ribosomes

65
Q

type of ribosomes that moves around in the cytosol, synthesize protein

A

Free ribosomes

66
Q

structural support of the cell

A

Cytoskeleton

67
Q

organelle that guides cell divisions

A

Centrosome

68
Q

organelle that has membrane with openings and DNA and a nucleolus

A

Nucleus

69
Q

the nucleus of the nucleus

A

Nucleolus

70
Q

the membrane of the nucleus

A

Nuclear membrane

71
Q

cell division in somatic cells, all cells except sex cells

A

Mitosis

72
Q

cell division that occurs in sex cells

A

Meiosis

73
Q

Digest proteins that are damaged, incorrectly folded, or no longer needed, controls quality of exported cell proteins

A

proteasomes

74
Q

Which cells do not have a nucleus

A

Red blood cells

Anatomy and Physiology I (30 decks)

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