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Biology > Biology paper 2 > Flashcards

Biology paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The maintenance of constant internal environments

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2
Q

What does the brain do in homeostasis?

A

The control centre of everything

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3
Q

What does the nervous system do in homeostasis?

A

Controls heart rate, breathing, digestive system and urinary system

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4
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A collection of glands which release hormones which control most things e.g. mood and reproduction

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5
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

Brain

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6
Q

Where is the pancreas?

A

Behind the stomach

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7
Q

Where is the thyroid?

A

In your neck

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8
Q

Where is the adrenal gland?

A

By your kidneys

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9
Q

Where are the ovaries?

A

Halfway between belly button and hips

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10
Q

Where is the testis?

A

Hang below the penis

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11
Q

How is blood glucose monitored?

A

Liver and insulin

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12
Q

What happens if blood glucose is too high?

A

blood glucose too high the liver converts it to glycogen

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13
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

A build-up of blood in their uterus

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14
Q

What is ovulation?

A

When an egg is released from the ovaries

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15
Q

What is testosterone?

A

Hormone for hair production and muscle growth

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16
Q

What is contraception?

A

Prevents pregnancy

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17
Q

What happens when blood sugar levels are too low?

A

The liver converts its stores of glycogen into glucose

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18
Q

What is the negative feedback loop?

A

When the reaction causes a decrease in the reaction

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19
Q

What is FSH?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

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20
Q

What is LH?

A

Leutenising Hormone

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21
Q

What is oestrogen?

A

A Hormone that controls the menstrual cycle

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22
Q

Where is FSH produced?

A

Pituitary gland

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23
Q

Where does FSH act?

A

Acts on ovaries and causes eggs to mature

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24
Q

Where is LH produced?

A

pituitary gland

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25
Q

Where does LH act?

A

Causing the release of an egg

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26
Q

Where is oestrogen produced?

A

Ovaries

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27
Q

Where does oestrogen act?

A

Pituitary gland - stimulates the production of FSH and LH

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28
Q

What is IVF?

A

In Vitro Fertilisation

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29
Q

2 Positives of IVF?

A
  • Helps the production of a baby

- Preimplantation diagnosis - checks for genetic diseases

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30
Q

2 Negatives of IVF?

A
  • Expensive

- A lot of drug usage with long term/ short term effects

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31
Q

What is thyroxine?

A

Controls metabolic rate

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32
Q

Where is thyroxine produced?

A

Thyroid glands

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33
Q

Where does thyroxine act?

A

Heart, digestive system, brain and muscles

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34
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

Responsible for fight or flight response

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35
Q

Where is adrenaline produced?

A

Adrenal glands

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36
Q

Where does adrenaline act?

A

Almost every organ

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37
Q

How many cells are produced at the end of mitosis?

A

2

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38
Q

How many cells are produced at the end of meiosis?

A

4

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39
Q

What are male gametes in plants?

A

Pollen

40
Q

What are female gametes in plants?

A

Eggs

41
Q

What are male gametes in animals?

A

Sperm

42
Q

What are female gametes in animals?

A

Eggs

43
Q

What is the basic structure of DNA?

A

Double helix

44
Q

Define gene:

A

A section of DNA that controls for a characteristic

45
Q

Define genome:

A

All of the DNA within an organism

46
Q

Define gamete:

A

sex cells

47
Q

Define chromosome:

A

A long molecule of DNA

48
Q

Define allele:

A

Different versions of genes

49
Q

Define dominant:

A

Only needs one allele to be present for a phenotype

50
Q

Define recessive:

A

Two copies of the gene needed

51
Q

Define homozygous:

A

2 identical copies of the gene

52
Q

Define heterozygous:

A

Has different copies of the same gene

53
Q

Define genotype:

A

Your Genes

54
Q

Define phenotype:

A

Your characteristics

55
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

Is where you have extra toes or fingers

56
Q

Is polydactyly recessive or dominant?

A

Dominant

57
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A mutation in a gene which causes a build-up of mucus in the lungs

58
Q

Is cystic fibrosis recessive or dominant?

A

Recessive

59
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are in the human body cell?

A

23 pairs

60
Q

What sex is XX?

A

Female

61
Q

What sex is XY?

A

Male

62
Q

Define evolution:

A

Where species gradually change over time

63
Q

Define natural selection:

A

The process in which species can evolve

64
Q

What is speciation?

A

The development of a new species

65
Q

What evidence is there for evolution?

A

Fossil record

66
Q

How do fossils arise?

A

From the bones and hard parts of a body

67
Q

What is extinction?

A

The process by which species die out

68
Q

What can lead to extinction?

A
  • hunting
  • increased number of prey
  • decrease in food
  • change in environment
69
Q

Why can bacteria evolve quickly?

A

Very fast division, divide every 20 minutes

70
Q

What is MRSA?

A

Multidrug-resistant bacteria

71
Q

Why is the development of antibiotics so slow?

A
  • It takes a long time to find new compounds

- Little incentive for drug companies

72
Q

Define ecosystem:

A

A community of organisms and their environments

73
Q

Define community:

A

A group of organisms all living in the same place

74
Q

Define interdependence:

A

Where two or more organisms are reliant on each other

75
Q

Define competition:

A

A number of organisms all competing for the same resource

76
Q

What does an organism need to reproduce and survive?

A

food, water, air, light, suitable habitat

77
Q

What do different organisms compete for?

A

food, water, light and space

78
Q

Define abiotic factor:

A

Non-living - chemical or physical factors that affect the ecosystem

79
Q

list eight abiotic factors:

A

light intensity, PH, wind, CO2, O2, temperature, water level and ion concentration

80
Q

How can a change in abiotic factors affect the community?

A

E.g. too little water = organisms die

81
Q

Define biotic factors:

A

Living components

82
Q

list 3 biotic factors:

A

Food, predators, pathogens

83
Q

Define adaptation:

A

Change in characteristics to suit the environment

84
Q

Why do animals need to adapt?

A

To survive

85
Q

Define extremophile:

A

An organism that likes extreme conditions

86
Q

Where does energy in a food chain come from?

A

The sun

87
Q

Define a producer:

A

The plant or bacteria that is the first part of a food chain

88
Q

Primary consumer:

A

A Herbivore that feeds on plants

89
Q

Secondary consumer:

A

Carnivores or Omnivores

90
Q

Tertiary consumer:

A

The topmost level in a food chain

91
Q

3 Different regions of the brain:

A
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Cerebellum
  • Medulla
92
Q

What is meiosis?

A

A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes

93
Q

What is mitosis?

A

A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth

94
Q

What was Darwin’s theory?

A

That evolution is gradual over time

95
Q

What was wrong with Darwin’s theory?

A

It went against God

96
Q

What is Lamarck’s theory?

A

That you acquire new characteristics over a lifetime which are then past on to the next generation

Biology (9 decks)

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