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Pharmacology > Fluids > Flashcards

Fluids Flashcards

1
Q

Edema is also known as

A

Hyper-vo-lemia

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2
Q

What is hyper-vo-lemia?

A

fluid overload within the interstitial space

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3
Q

What are the four forces involved in hyper-vo-lemia?

A

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Decrease capillary (plasma) oncotic pressure

Increased capillary membrane permeability

Lymphatic channel obstruction

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4
Q

Name some examples that would cause an increase capillary hydrostatic pressure?

A

Congestive heart failure
Renal failure
Serous of the liver
Salt and water retention

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5
Q

Name some examples that would cause a decrease plasma oncotic pressure?

A

Hemorrhage
Burns and malnutrition
Disease of the kidney

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6
Q

Name some examples that would cause an increase capillary hydrostatic pressure

A

Burns and Inflammation

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7
Q

Name some examples that would cause a lymphatic channel obstruction

A

Cancer

Surgery (removal of a lymph node)

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8
Q

In what twos can edema clinically manifest?

A

Localize

Generalize

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9
Q

What does localize edema mean?

A

Trauma occurs at a particular organ

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10
Q

What does generalize hyper-vo-lemia mean?

A

Uniformed distribution (dependent edema) occurs in lower extremities

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11
Q

The physical signs and symptoms we will be evaluating for hyper-vo-lemia include…

A 
Weight gain
Swelling
Tight fit clothing 
Limit range of motion (joint edema) 
Cardiojugular distention
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12
Q

Name a few treatments for edema

A

Treat underlying condition

Use SCD, elevate leg, decrease salt intake

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13
Q

Dehydration is known as what?

A

Hyp-vo-lemia

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14
Q

What is hypo-vo-lemia?

A

small amount of fluid volume in the vascular and interstitial

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15
Q

What cause hypo-vo-lemia?

A

Fluid Loss
Reduced Fluid Intake
Fluid shifts

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16
Q

How can patients lose fluid?

A

Diarrhea
Hemorrhage
Diabetics (pee a lot)

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17
Q

How can fluids shift to cause hypo-vo-lemia?

A

Burns shift fluids

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18
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of hypo-vo-lemia?

A 
Weight loss
Pulse increase
Skin turgor tenting
Suncken eyes
Output decreases
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19
Q

What type of clinical manifestation would we see in infants?

A

Suncken fontanels

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20
Q

How could we treat hypo-vo-lemia?

A

Give fluids slowly

Stop fluid loss

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21
Q

What can happen if we give fluids too quickly?

A

Can lead to cerebral edema

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22
Q

What are the lab values for sodium?

A

135-145 mEq/L

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23
Q

Sodium is what kind of cation?

A

Extracellular fluid cation

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24
Q

What is sodium responsible for?

A

Nerve conduction and neuromuscular function

Regulates osmotic forces and water balance

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25
Q

What are the lab values for potassium

A

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

26
Q

Potassium is what kind of cation?

A

Intracellular fluid cation

27
Q

What is potassium responsible for?

A

cardiac muscle contraction

28
Q

What are the lab values for calcium

A

9-11 mg/dl

29
Q

What is calcium responsible for?

A

cardiac action potential !

30
Q

What is the lab value for magnesium?

A

1.5 - 2.5 mEg/L

31
Q

What is magnesium responsible for?

A

Smooth muscle contraction and relaxation

Suppresses release of ACH

32
Q

What is Hypo-na-tremia

A

sodium concentration are low in blood

33
Q

This can cause blood to be what?

A

Drinking too much water will cause the sodium in the body to become diluted. The sodium levels stay the same, so if you drink a lot of water that will dilute the sodium

34
Q

Water will move where?

A

Into the cells causing the cell to swell.

35
Q

What causes hypo-na-tremia?

A

Gain of water (relative to salt)

Loss of salt (relative to water)

36
Q

What can cause you to gain water?

A

force of water intoxication (drinking to much water)

Near drowning experiences (fresh water)

Too much D5W

37
Q

What can cause you to lose salt?

A

Diuretics
Renal disease
Vomiting and Diarrhea

38
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of hypo-na-tremia?

A

GI: Nausea, vomiting, anorexia
Sketetal: Weakness, decreased reflex
Neuro: Confusion lethargy, seizure, coma

39
Q

What is hyper-na-tremia

A

Too much sodium

40
Q

What causes hyper-na-tremia

A

Gain of sodium (relative to water)

Loss of water (relative to sodium)

41
Q

What causes a gain of sodium?

A

Overuse of salt tablets
No access to water
Tube feedings to kids (no water supplement afterwards)

42
Q

What causes a loss of water for?

A

Sweating (no water displacement)

Vomiting, diarrhea

43
Q

What are the clinical manifestations for hyper-na-tremia

A

Thirst, dray mucous membranes
Skeletal: Hyper reflexia
Neuro: Agitation, lethargy, confusion, seizures

44
Q

What is hypo-ka-lemia?

A

Low potassium in extracellular fluid

45
Q

What are the causes of hyper-ka-lemia?

A

Decrease K intake

Shifts into the cell

Increase K excretion or loss (renal or GI)

46
Q

What causes a decrease in K intake?

A

if someone is fasting?

47
Q

What causes a shift into cell?

A

alkalosis

48
Q

What causes an increase in K excretion or loss?

A

Anytime a patient is on diuretics

Vomiting, Diarrhea

49
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of the four body organs does hyper-ka-lemia target?

A

Smooth muscles
Skeletal
Renal
Cardiac

50
Q

Hyperkalemia: what happens in the smooth muscles?

A 
Diminished bowel sounds
constipation
Ileus (no passage of stool)
51
Q

Hyperkalemia: what happens in the skeletal?

A

Leg cramps
Fatigue
Paralysis of muscle (respiratory)

52
Q

Hyperkalemia: what happens in the renal?

A

renal tissue damage

53
Q

Hyperkalemia: what happens in the cardiac?

A

cardiac dysrhythmias

54
Q

What is the treatment for hyperkalemia

A

Fix underlying cause

Dialysis

55
Q

What is hypo-cal-cemia?

A

Low calcium

56
Q

What are the causes of hypo-cal-cemia?

A

Decreased intake/absorption

Decrease physiological availability

Increase excretion

57
Q

Hypo-cal-cemia: what decreases intake/absorption?

A

chronic kidney disease

58
Q

Hypo-cal-cemia: what decreases physiological availability

A

alkalosis

decrease blood transfusion

59
Q

Hypo-cal-cemia: what causes increase excretion?

A

Usually through fatty stool (steneria)

Cystic fibrosis

60
Q

What dose is given when administering calcium gluconat?

A

3g = 1g of chloride

Given peripherally

61
Q

What dose is given when administering calcium chloride

A

1g = 3g of gluconate

Given centrally

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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