Topic 2

Question 1

Ions are formed when…

Answer 1

Electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Question 2

Ionic bonding

Answer 2

Electrostatic attraction holds positive and negative ions together

Definition
An ionic bond is the strong electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions

Question 3

What affects the ionic bonding

Answer 3

Ionic charges
The greater the charge on an ion the stronger the ionic bond and therefore the higher the melting/boiling point
Ionic Radii
Small ions can pack closer together than large ions. Electrostatic attractions get weaker with distance so smaller closely packed ions have stronger ionic bonding the large ions therefore they have large melting and boiling points

Question 4

Covalent bond is

Answer 4

Two atoms that share a pair of electrons

Question 5

Dative covalent bonding

Answer 5

One atom donate space electrons to a bond

Question 6

Shape of molecules

Answer 6

Molecular shade depends on electron pairs around the central atom

Question 7

Electronegativity define it

Answer 7

The ability of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond
Fluorine is the most electronegative element

Question 8

A polar molecule…

Answer 8

Has an overall dipole which is just a dipole caused by the presence of a permanent charge across the molecule

Question 9

There are three types of intermolecular forces

Answer 9

London forces
Permanent dipole dipole bonds
Hydrogen bonding

Question 10

London forces

Answer 10

Electrons in charge clouds are always moving really quickly. At any particular moment the electrons in an atom are likely to be more on one side than the other this means the atom would have a temporary dipole. This induces another temporary dipole in the opposite direction on a neighbouring atom

Question 11

For one substance to dissolve in another all of these have to happen

Answer 11

Bones in the substance have to break
Bones in the solvent have to break
Newborns have to form between the substance and the solvent

Question 12

Substances will only dissolve…

Answer 12

If the strength of the new bond formed is the same or greater than the strength of the bond that is broken

Question 13

Ionic substances dissolved in

Answer 13

Polar solvents such as water

Question 14

Alcohols dissolve in

Answer 14

Polar solvents like water

Question 15

Nonpolar substances dissolve in

Answer 15

Nonpolar solvents