Topic 6

Question 1

The three different types of mechanisms

Answer 1

Radical substitution of halogens in alkanes to make halogenoalkanes
Electrophilic addition of halogens and hydrogen halides to alkenes to make Halogenoalkanes
Nucleophilic substitution of primary halogeonoalkanes with potassium hydroxide to make alcohols

Question 2

Nucleophiles are

Answer 2

Electron pair donors

There negatively charged ions and electron rich

Question 3

Electrophiles are

Answer 3

Electron pair acceptance

Often positively charged ions that are electron poor

Question 4

Radicals have

Answer 4

An unpaired electron
Very reactive
Made by homolytic fission

Question 5

isomerism

Answer 5

Two molecules are isomers of one another if they have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged differently

Question 6

Two types of isomers

Answer 6

Structural isomers

Stereo isomers

Question 7

Structural isomers have different structural arrangements

Answer 7

Chain isomers
Positional isomers
functional group isomers

Question 8

chain isomers

Answer 8

Carbon skeleton can be arranged differently

Similar chemical properties but physical properties vary because of the change in shape of the molecule

Question 9

Positional isomers

Answer 9

Skeleton and functional group could be the same only with the functional group attached to different carbon
Different physical properties and chemical properties

Question 10

Functional group isomers

Answer 10

Same atoms can be arranged into different functional groups

Very different physical and chemical properties

Question 11

Stereoisomers

Answer 11

Double bonds cannot rotate

Question 12

Z isomers

Answer 12

Same group either above or below the double bond

Question 13

E isomer

Answer 13

Same group positioned across the double bond

Question 14

Cis isomer

Answer 14

Same group on the same side of the double bond above or below

Question 15

Trans-isomer

Answer 15

Same group on opposite sides of the double bond

Question 16

Alkanes

Answer 16

Saturated hydrocarbons

General formula of CNH2N +2

Question 17

Heterolytic fission

Answer 17

And breaks on evenly with one of the bonded atoms receiving both electrons from the bonded pair
Ions are formed

Question 18

Homiletics fission

Answer 18

Bond breaks evenly and each bonded atoms receives one electron from the bonded pair
Radicals are formed

Question 19

Radical substitution has three stages

Answer 19

Initiation- UV light provides energy to break the CL bond. Bond splits by homiletic fission
Propagation - radicals are used up and created in a chain reaction
Termination - radicals are use up and removed

Question 20

Knocking

Answer 20

Adding branched chains reduces knocking and therefore makes knocking less likely to happen so combustion is more efficient

Question 21

Allenes

Answer 21

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

General formula of CNH2N

Question 22

Sigma bond

Answer 22

Formed when two orbitals overlap in a straight line in the space between two atoms new space
This gives the highest possible electron density between the two positive nuclei
The high electron density between the nuclei means there is a strong electrostatic attraction between the nuclei and the shared pair of electrons

Question 23

Pi bond

Answer 23

Formed when 2P orbitals overlap side wards
It’s got two parts to it, one above and one below the nuclear axis
Electron density is spread out above and below the nuclei
This causes electrostatic attractions to be weaker

Question 24

Electrophilic addition reaction

Answer 24

Happens to Allenes to form dihalogenoalkanes or halogenoalkanes

Question 25

Halogens react with alkenes to form dihalogenoalkanes in an electrophilic addition reaction

Answer 25

Requires a nickel catalyst and a temperature of 150° C

Question 26

Steam hydration makes…

Answer 26

Alcohols from alkenes
300° C and the pressure of 60 to 70 ATM.
Direction needs a solid phosphoric acid catalyst

Question 27

Nucleophilic substitution

Answer 27

Occurs in halogenoalkanes
Halogens are more electronegative than carbons so the carbon halogen bond is polar
The carbon doesn’t have enough electrons which means it gets attracted by a nucleophile

Question 28

Halogenoalkanes react with ammonia to form

Answer 28

Amines

Two ammonium ions are required

Question 29

Primary alcohols

Answer 29

Oxidised under distillation to form an aldehyde

Oxidised under reflux to form a carboxylic acid

Question 30

Secondary alcohols

Answer 30

Oxidised under reflux to form a Ketone

Question 31

Tertiary alcohols

Answer 31

Won’t be oxidised