7-10 Revision Questions

Question 1

Orbit Rotundum Ovale

Stylo IAM IAM Jug Jug

Jug Mag Hypo

Answer 1

Question 2

Fill out this table:

Answer 2

Question 3

The 5 secondary vesicles are:

Answer 3

TEL, DI, MES, MET, MY.

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

Mesencephalon

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

Question 4

Name a structure derived from pharyngeal arch III:

Answer 4

Question 5

The RHOMBENCEPHALON forms which secondary vesicles?

Answer 5

The RHOMBENCEPHALON sort of constricts to form the myelencephalon and the metencephalon.

Question 6

The true spinal cord terminates at which vertebral level?

Answer 6

It terminates at about the level of the 1st or 2nd lumbar vertebrae (in the lower back region). The cone-shaped termination of the true spinal cord is called the conus medullaris.

Remaining cords hang down below the conus medullaris, forming the causda equina.

Question 7

The Telencephalon gives rise to what adult structures?

Answer 7

Telencephalon - expands into 2 parts which form the cerebral hemispheres

Question 8

X vagus - Which structures does it innervate, and with what type of innervation?

Answer 8

X vagus

Special sensory (taste) from root of tongue and epiglottis

General and visceral sensory from inferior larynx, pharynx, thoracic and abdominal organs

Voluntary motor to soft palate, pharynx, intrinsic laryngeal muscles and palatoglossus

Parasympathetic to abdominal and thoracic area

Question 9

What is Broca’s area?

Answer 9

Broca’s area – the motor planning area specifically for speech. This is located in a lateral and inferior frontal gyrus, usually only in the dominant hemisphere (if you are right-handed, your dominant hemisphere is the left one). Neurons originating in this area communicate with those in the primary motor cortex that control movement of muscles in the larynx and some of the articulators.

Question 10

Where is the primary motor cortex located, and what is its function?

Answer 10

Primary motor cortex – also known as the pre-central gyrus, this is a gyrus located directly anterior to the central sulcus. It is the area of initiation of all voluntary movement (information sent to skeletal muscles).

Question 11

What passes through the hypoglossal canal?

Answer 11

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Question 12

Name a structure derived from pharyngeal arch I:

Answer 12

Blood vessels: maxillary artery

Nerves: CNV2, CNV3

Bones: maxilla, mandible, zygomatic part of temporal bone

Muscles: TMJ muscles, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor veli palatine, tensor tympani (middle ear muscle)

Question 13

What is the difference between static and dynamic balance?

Answer 13

Static systems evaluates the position of the head relative to gravity and also linear acceleration or deceleration.

• utricle and saccule (found in the vestibule). They are involved in static balance.

Dynamic balance is sensing movement of the body in space. three body planes (sagittal, coronal and horizontal) at 90 degrees to one another. This arrangement allows us to sense movement of the head in the three planes

• three semicircular ducts in the semicircular canals. They are involved in dynamic balance.

Question 14

Draw the cirlce of Willis, ensuring you label the following areas:

Anterior cerebral arteries

Anterior communicating artery

Internal carotid arteries

Posterior cerebral arteries

Posterior communicating arteries

Middle Cerebral Artery

Basilar Artery

Answer 14

Question 15

The basilar artery is formed by which other blood vessel(s)?

Answer 15

As the vertebral arteries pass through the foramen magnum they join with one another to form a single basilar artery.

Question 16

What are the differences between Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area?

Answer 16

Broca’s area is the motor planning area for speech, whereas Wernicke’s area is the language formulation area, used to put together words into cohesive sentences.

Question 17

What is Cleft Lip?

Answer 17

Cleft Lip

It is the failure of the lip and nasal tissue to fuse properly that causes cleft lip.

Question 18

Central sulcus:

Answer 18

Central sulcus runs perpendicular to the longitudinal fissure, separates the frontal lobe and parietal lobes.

Question 19

In the spinal cord, what is the arrangement of grey matter versus white matter?

Answer 19

In the spinal cord, the grey matter is deep, and the white matter is superficial.

Question 20

XI accessory -Which structures does it innervate, and with what type of innervation?

Answer 20

XI accessory -

Voluntary motor to pharynx and soft palate

Question 21

What passes through the stylomastoid foramen?

Answer 21

Facial nerve (VII)

Question 22

Describe grey matter in the spinal cord:

Answer 22

The grey matter in the spinal cord has anterior horns which contain the cell bodies of motor neurons. Posterior horns contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons.

Question 23

The central cavity of the neural tube enlarges in 4 areas to form what?

Answer 23

Central cavity of the neural tube enlarges in 4 areas to form the ventricles.

Question 24

Label this diagram of the inner ear:

Answer 24

Question 25

Name a structure derived from pharyngeal arch II:

Answer 25

Question 26

What is the oval window?

Answer 26

The oval window is a **membrane-covered opening that leads from the middle ear** to the vestibule of the **inner ear.** The stapes attaches to it.

Question 27

What is the **stapedius?**

Answer 27

The **stapedius** muscle attaches to the **stapes** and the **posterior wall of the middle ear.** It _rotates the stapes posteriorly._ The stapedius is innervated by cranial nerve VII (facial nerve).

Question 28

What nerves are the two bellies of the digastric muscles innervated by?

Answer 28

Digastric – **anterior belly** innervated by a **mandibular brance of Trimgeminal V₃**, _posterior belly_ innervated by _Facial nerve VII_;

Question 29

**VIII vestibulocochlear -** What structure does it innervate, with what type of innervation?

Answer 29

VIII vestibulocochlear Special sensory (hearing, balance) from inner ear

Question 30

What is CSF?

Answer 30

Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear, colorless body fluid found in the brain and spinal cord, and absorbed in the arachnoid granulations. CSF acts as a cushion or buffer for the brain, providing basic mechanical and immunological protection to the brain inside the skull.

Question 31

What is the **tensor tympani?**

Answer 31

The **tensor tympani** muscle **attaches to the malleus, sphenoid and temporal bones,** and the **auditory tube**. When it contracts, it _pulls the malleus anteromedially, causing the tympanic membrane to become taut_. It is innervated by cranial nerve V3 (mandibular nerve).

Question 32

What passes through the **foramen ovale?**

Answer 32

Trigeminal (V), mandibular branch (3) **CNV₃**

Question 33

What are the differences between the outer ear, middle ear and inner ear?

Question 34

**V2 trigeminal maxillary branch** - innervation structure and type:

Answer 34

V2 trigeminal maxillary branch General sensory from zygomatic region of face, upper lip, lateral external nose

Question 35

What do these stand for? ## Footnote **PROS, MES, RHOMB.**

Answer 35

There are 3 primary ‘vesicles’ that develop first from the expanded cranial end of the developing neural tube. These are the: **Prosencephalon (forebrain)** **Mesencephalon (midbrain)** **Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)**

Question 36

What is the difference between the **endolymph** and **perilymph?**

Answer 36

endolymph (membranous labrynth) - and perilymph (contained within bony labyrinth).

Question 37

What is are the functions of the tensor tymphoni and strapedius muscle.

Answer 37

The **tensor typhoni** and the **strapedius** muscles dampen the movement of the ossicles. This provides intensity control by reducing transmission of acoustic information in the lower frequencies. This reduces the strength of the signal reaching the inner ear and thus protects it from damage. This is called the **sound attenuation reflex.**

Question 38

**XII hypoglossal** - Which structures does it innervate and with what type of innervation?

Answer 38

**XII hypoglossal** - **Voluntary motor** to _intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles (except palatoglossus)_ Joins with spinal nerve fibres from the first and second cervical spinal nerves that innervate the _thyrohyoid and geniohyoid_.

Question 39

Name a structure derived from pharyngeal arch V/VI:

Answer 39

Question 40

Lateral sulcus:

Answer 40

Lateral sulcus located on **lateral aspect of the cerebrum**, _separates the parietal/frontal lobes from the temporal lobes._

Question 41

What is the premotor area?

Answer 41

Premotor area is where motor movements are planned. Communicates directly with primary motor cortex.

Question 42

The PROSENCEPHALON divides into which secondary vesicles? What mature structures rise from those vesicles?

Answer 42

The PROSENCEPHALON divides into the **tel**encephalon and **di**encephalon. **Tel**- hemispheres of brain **Di**- hypothalamus, thalamus + associated structures

Question 43

What passes through the **foramen magnum?**

Answer 43

Accessory **(XI)**

Question 44

What is the helicotrema?

Answer 44

Narrow slit at the apex of the cochlea. Hair cells near this best detect low frequency sounds.

Question 45

What are the meninges?

Answer 45

The meninges are a group of **3 membranes** that surround the central nervous system. They provide **support and protection**. : **Dura mater** - tough outer, around the brain it has two layers= periosteal layer + meningeal layer. In some places, the two layers are separated and contain large pools of venous blood. These are called the dural venous sinuses. **Arachnoid layer** - web like -**Sub arachnoid** space filled with CSF **Pia mater** - delicate

Question 46

The **Diencephalon** gives rise to which adult structures?

Answer 46

**Diencephalon** – forms the _hypothalamus, thalamus_ and _associated structures_

Question 47

What are the auditory **ossicles**?

Answer 47

chain of three articulated bones that stretches between the tympanic membrane and the oval window. The ossicles occupy most of the cavity of the middle ear. These bones transmit sound waves impacting on the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the inner ear. The three bones are the smallest in the human body. They are the: ## Footnote **• malleus (9mm long, 25mg)** **• incus (7mm long, 30mg)** **• stapes (4mg).**

Question 48

What is **Wernicke’s area**?

Answer 48

Wernicke’s area – located in the t_emporal lobe in a posterosuperior gyrus_. This is the **language formulation area** used to put together words into cohesive sentences. (*Wernicke’s aphasia*).

Question 49

What is Ankyloglossia?

Answer 49

Tongue Tie A condition called ankyloglossia or tongue tie results from failure of the lingual frenulum to degenerate and it remains extended the entire length of the tongue.

Question 50

What passes through the **Internal auditory meatus (IAM)?**

Answer 50

Facial nerve **(VII)**, Vestibulocochlear nerve **(VIII)**

Question 51

**IX glossopharyngeal** - Which structures does it innervate, with what type of innervation?

Answer 51

**IX glossopharyngeal** **Special sensory** (taste) from _posterior tongue_ **General sensory** from _mucosa of pharynx, palatine tonsils, posterior tongue, auditory tube, middle ear_ **Visceral sensory** for blood pressure regulation in _carotid arteries_ **Voluntary motor** to _stylopharyngeus_ **Parasympathetic** to _parotid gland and glands in posterior tongue_

Question 52

Longitudinal fissure:

Answer 52

Longitudinal fissure: runs down the **mid sagittal plane** and _separates the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres_

Question 53

Label this diagram of the middle ear:

Answer 53

Question 54

Describe the boundaries of the middle ear:

Answer 54

The middle ear is shaped like a narrow box and has a roof, floor or jugular wall, a lateral or membranous wall, a medial wall, a posterior or mastoid wall and an anterior or carotid wall.

Question 55

What are the functions of V1 trigeminal ophthalmic branch:

Answer 55

V1 trigeminal ophthalmic branch General sensory from forehead, scalp, frontal sinus, superior eyelid, external nose, eyeball and some eye tissues

Question 56

What is Cleft Palate?

Answer 56

Cleft Palate Failure of the hard palate to fuse in the midline that causes cleft palate.

Question 57

What is spina bifida?

Answer 57

Spina Bifida (split spine) Incomplete closure of one or more of the sections of the spinal cord.

Question 58

Summarise the circulation of CSF:

Answer 58

CSF is produced in the **lateral ventricles**, passes into the **third ventricle**, then the **fourth ventricle**, via the **cerebral aqueduct**. From the **fourth ventricle**, some CSF passes into the **subarachnoid space** and flows around the outer surface of the brain. The remainder enters the **central canal**, passes the length of the spinal cord and then passes out and around the outside of the spinal cord within the **subarachnoid space**. Eventually the CSF returns to the venous blood. This occurs in the the **dural venous sinuses** where small projections of arachnoid protrude into the blood space. The protrusions are called **arachnoid granulations** and they bring CSF very close to the venous blood and it is easily **diffuses across into the blood stream**.

Question 59

What is hydrocephalus?

Answer 59

Hydrocephalus (water head) Results from abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles of the brain, most commonly due to a blockage in the CSF circulation.

Question 60

What is the brain’s ventricular system?

Answer 60

The ventricles of the brain are a communicating network of cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that is in a cycle of constant production and reabsorption. The ventricular system is composed of **2 lateral ventricles**, the **third ventricle**, the **cerebral aqueduct**, and the **fourth ventricle**

Question 61

Name a structure derived from pharyngeal arch IV:

Answer 61

Question 62

How does the CSF return to the blood?

Answer 62

Through the **dural venous sinuses**, where small projections of the arachnoid protrude into the blood space. These protrusions are called **arachnoid granulations,** and they bring the _CSF very close to the venous blood_, and it easily _diffuses across into the bloodstream._

Question 63

The Mesencephalon, myelencephalon and metencephalon give rise to which adult structures?

Answer 63

Mesencephalon, myelencephalon and metencephalon – form the midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellum

Question 64

Parieto-occipital sulcus:

Answer 64

Parieto-occipital sulcus found on the **posterior aspect of the cerebrum** and _separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe._

Question 65

What is the **modiolus**?

Answer 65

The modiolus is the **core of the cochlea** and is made up of finely **perforated bone**. Fibres of cranial nerve **VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) pass through these perforations** on their way to hair cells within the cochlea. The modiolus core is _continuous with the internal auditory meatus_ of the temporal bone and thus it provides a _pathway for the vestibulocochlear nerve._

Question 66

VII facial - Branches, structures they innervate and types of innervation:

Answer 66

**VII facial** * temporal * zygomatic * buccal * marginal mandibular * cervical Special sensory (taste) from anterior tongue General sensory from part of external ear Voluntary motor to muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius (in middle ear). Parasympathetic to submandibular and sublingual glands, lacrimal (tear) glands and glands of nasal cavity and palate.

Question 67

What does the Eustachian tube do? Which muscles are involved?

Answer 67

The **auditory tube** is also called the **pharyngotympanic** or **Eustachian** tube.. It is a canal between the _middle ear and the nasopharynx_. This tube allows _air pressure in the middle ear to be **equalised** with atmospheric **air pressure** by allowing air to enter and leave the tympanic cavity._ The auditory tube is actively opened by the **tensor veli palatini and the levator veli palatini.**

Question 68

What passes through the **foramen _rotundum_?**

Answer 68

Trigeminal (V), maxillary branch (2) **CNV₂**

Question 69

What are dural venous sinuses?

Answer 69

Large spaces around the brain where venous blood from the brain collects before returning to the heart via the internal jugular vein. They are formed in between the two layers of the dura mater, where the outer layer adheres to the inside of the skull, and the inner layer dips down into spaces between different parts of the brain.

Question 70

What is the outer ear composed of?

Answer 70

The outer ear is composed of the auricle or **pinna**, external auditory meatus (**EAM**) – the ear canal. The auricle collects sound from the environment and channels it into the middle ear. The auricle is composed of elastic cartilage overlaid by skin. There are several named parts of the auricle, these landmarks are significant in diagnosis. **Concha** – central depression, leads to the EAM **Helix** – folded rim of the auricle **Lobule** – fleshy part of the ear **Tragus** – cartilage flap near entrance to EAM

Question 71

What passes through the **jugular foramen?**

Answer 71

Glossopharyngeal **(IX)**, Vagus **(X)**, Accessory **(XI)**

Question 72

What passes through the **superior **_orbit_**al fissure?**

Answer 72

Trigeminal (V), ophthalmic branch (1) CNV₁

Question 73

V3 trigeminal mandibular branch - structure innervation and type:

Answer 73

V3 trigeminal mandibular branch General sensory from lower lip, chin, part of external ear, lower cheeks, part of temporal region Voluntary motor to TMJ muscles, tensor veli palatine, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, tensor tympani