7-8 Study Guide Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
General functions of nervous system
A
- Sensory input
- Integration
- Motor output
2
Q
Sensory input
A
Get info/receive stimuli
3
Q
Integration
A
Process and decide whether to react
4
Q
Motor output
A
Activate response
Reaction of muscles or glands
5
Q
CNS
A
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
6
Q
PNS
A
Peripheral nervous system
Cranial and spinal nerves
7
Q
Subdivisions of PNS
A
Sensory (nerves)
motor (nerves)
8
Q
Afferent system
A
Sense organs
9
Q
Efferent system
A
Motor system
10
Q
Somatic
A
Voluntary nerve
Skeletal muscles
11
Q
Autonomic
A
Involuntary
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Glands
12
Q
Autonomic system divided into
A
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
13
Q
Parasympathetic
A
Rest and digest
Conserves energy
Regulates body functions
14
Q
Sympathetic
A
Fight or flight
Thoracolumbar
15
Q
Endoneurium
A
Connective tissue sheath that surrounds each nerve fiber
16
Q
Perineurium
A
Wraps groups of nerve fibers into a fascicle
17
Q
Epineurium
A
Binds groups of fasicles
18
Q
Neuroglia
A
Supporting cells
Resemble neurons
Unable to conduct nerve impulses
Never lose dividing ability
19
Q
Nuclei
A
Clusters of cell bodies in CNS
20
Q
Ganglia
A
Clusters of cell bodies in PNS (outside of CNS)
21
Q
Tracts
A
Bundles of nerve fibers in CNS
22
Q
Nerves
A
Bundles of nerve fibers in PNS
23
Q
White matter
A
Collections of myelinated fibers (tracts)
24
Q
Gray matter
A
unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies
25
Functional classification of neurons
Afferent
Efferent
Interneurons
26
Efferent/motor
Impulses from CNS to Muscles or glands
27
Interneurons
Association neurons
Cell bodies in CNS
Connect sensory and motor neurons
28
Afferent neurons
Impulses from sensory receptors to CNS
29
Receptors include:
Cutaneous sense organs in skin
Proprioceptors in muscles and tendons
30
Nissl bodies
Rough ER
31
Functional classification of neurons
Afferent (sensory)
Efferent (motor)
Interneurons (association neurons)
32
Structural classification of neurons
# of processes
Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar
33
Unipolar neurons
Short, single process leaving cell body
Sensory found in PNS
Impulses toward and away from body
34
Bipolar neurons
One axon + one dendrite
Special sense organs, like nose and eyes
Rare in adults
35
Multipolar
Many extensions from cell body
Motor and interneurons
Most common structural type
36
Neurofibrils
Intermediate filaments that maintain cell shape
37
PNS glial cells
Schwann cells
Satellite cells
38
Schwann cells
Form myelin sheath around nerve fibers in PNS
39
Satellite cells
Protect and cushion neuron cell bodies
40
Astrocytes found in
CNS
41
Astrocytes
Abundant, start shaped,
1. Brace and anchor neurons to blood capillaries
2. Control chemical environment:
3. Permeability, exchanges between blood capillaries and neurons.
4. Protect from harmful substances in blood
42
Most abundant and versatile neuroglia
Astrocytes
43
Microglia found in
CNS
44
Microglia
1.Spider-like phagocytes
2. Monitor health of nearby neurons
3. Dispose of debris
45
Phagocytes that defend CNS cells
Microglia
46
Ependymal cells found in
CNS
47
Ependymal cells
Line cavities of brain and spinal cord
Cilia help circulate cerebrospinal fluid
48
Oligodendrocytes found in
CNS
49
Oligodendrocytes
Wrap around nerve fibers in CNS
Make myelin sheath
50
Line cerebrospinal fluid filled cavities
Ependymal cells
51
Have processes that form myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibers
Oligodendrocytes
52
Satellite cells
Protect and cushion neuron cell bodies
53
Main regions of cerebral hemisphere
Cortex
White matter
Basal nuclei
54
Cortex
1.Superficial grey matter
2.Localizes and interprets sensory inputs
3. Controls voluntary and skilled skeletal muscle activity
4. Intellectual and emotional processing
55
Basal nuclei
Deep pockets of grey matter
Control skeletal muscle movements
Modify instructions of primary motor cortex
56
Regions of brain stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Reticular formation- a functional system
57
Midbrain
1.VA (visual, auditory)
2. Subcortical motor
3. 3-4
58
Pons
1.Info from cerebrum to cerebellum
2. Breathing
3. 5-7
59
Medulla oblongata
1.Crossover pyramids
2. 8-12
3. Senses from skin & proprioceptors
4. Vessel diameter, vomiting, heart rate
60
Reticular formation-a functional system
1.Alertness/ repetitive stimuli
2.skeletal/visceral muscle
3.Diffuse mass of Gray matter along brain stem
61
Cerebellum
1. Motor cortex
2. Balance, coordination, speech, timing
3. Has outer cortex (grey)
White matter
62
Visual area
Occipital lobe
63
Auditory area
Temporal lobe
64
Olfactory area
Temporal lobe
65
Primary somatic sensory area location
Parietal lobe post central sulcus
66
Primary somatic sensory area
Impulses from body's sensory receptors, pain temp, light touch (not special senses)
67
Left side of primary somatic sensory area receives impulses from
Right side and vice versa
68
Primary motor area location
Anterior to central sulcus
69
Primary motor area
consciously move skeletal muscles
Motor neurons form pyramidal (corticospinal) tract which descends to spinal cord
70
Broca's area
Ability to speak
Left hemisphere
71
Anterior association area
Frontal lobe
Thinking reasoning
Process sensory inf
72
Posterior association area
Posterior Cortex
Thinking reasoning
Process sensory info
73
Speech area
For sounding out words
In temp. & parietal lobe
74
Cerebral white matter
Fiber tracts deep to grey matter
75
Corpus callosum connects
Hemispheres
76
Tracts like corpus are known as
Commisures
77
Association fiber tracts
Connect areas within a hemisphere
78
Projection fiber tracts connect the cerebrum with
Lower CNS centers
79
Cerebrum
Big part of brain
80
Diencephalon
Thalamus,
Hypothalamus,
Epithalamus
81
Most inferior part of brain stem that merges into spinal cord
Medulla oblongata
82
RAS
Reticular Activating System
Role in awake/sleep cycles and consciousness
Filter incoming sensory information
83
Extends from mammillary bodies to pons inferiorly
Midbrain
84
Cerebral aqueduct (tiny canal) connects third and fourth ventricles
Midbrain
85
Two, bulging fiber tracts cerebral peduncles convey ascending and descending impulses
Midbrain
86
Rounded protrusions, corpora quadrigemina are visual and auditory reflex centers
Midbrain
87
Meninges
Protection
Dura mater (periosteal and meningeal)
Arachnoid layer
Pia mater
88
Dura mater
Outermost
Leathery
Double layered external covering
89
Periosteal Dura mater
Connects to skull
Via inner surface
90
Meningeal dura mater
Outer covering of brain
91
Dura mater Folds inward in several areas
Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
92
Arachnoid layer
1.attach to pia mater
2.Web-like extensions in subarachnoid space. Subarachnoid filled with CSF
93
Pia mater
Internal layer, clings to brain and spinal cord
94
Arachnoid granulations protrude through dura mater and
absorb CSF into venous blood
95
CSF
Similar to blood plasma in composition
Watery cushion that protects brain and spinal cord
Made in Choroid plexuses
96
Choroid plexus
Capillaries in ventricles of brain
In epithalamus
97
CSF circulates in
Arachnoid space, ventricles, central canal of spinal cord
Lateral, 3rd, 4th ventricles
98
Explain CSF circulation
1. CSF made by Choroid plexus of each ventricle
2. CSF flows through ventricles and subarachnoid space. Some CSF flows through central canal of spinal cord
3. CSF flows through subarachnoid space
4. CSF absorbed into dural sinuses via arachnoid villi
99
Spinal cord structure extends from
Foramen magnum of the skull,
1st or second lumbar vertabra
100
Cauda equina is a
Collection of spinal nerves at the inferior ends of spinal cord
101
Function of spinal cord
2 way conduction pathway to and from brain
102
How many pairs of spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord?
31
103
Internal grey matter of spinal cord is mostly
Cell bodies
104
Dorsal horns house
Interneurons
105
Interneurons
Receive information from sensory neurons in dorsal root
106
Cell bodies are housed in
Dorsal root ganglion
107
Anterior (ventral) horns house motor neurons of
Somatic (voluntary) nervous system
108
Send information out ventral root
Motor neurons of somatic nervous system
109
Grey Matter surrounds the
Central canal filled with CSF
110
White matter of spinal cord made of
Myelinated fiber tracts
111
White matter of spinal cord has 3 regions
dorsal, lateral, ventral columns
112
Only pair of _____ ______ extends to thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Vagus nerves
113
Most cranial nerves are
Mixed nerves
114
Which nerves are sensory only?
Optic
Olfactory
Vestibulocochlear
115
CN1
Olfactory:
116
CN2
Optic
117
CN3
Oculomotor
118
CN4
Trochlear
119
CN5
Trigeminal
120
CN6
Abducens
121
CN7
Facial
122
CN8
Vestibulocochlear
123
CN9
Glossopharyngeal
124
CN10
Vagus
Pharynx, larynx, swallowing and phonation
125
CN 11
Accessory
Activate SCM& trapezius
126
CN12
Hypoglossal
Tongue movements
Impulses from tongue
127
Sympathetic
Fight or flight
128
Parasympathetic
Rest and digest
129
Parasympathetic aka as
Craniosacral division
130
Preganlionic neurons
Brain and spinal cord
131
Post ganglionic
Extend to organs that are served
132
Preganlionic neurons synapse with
Terminal ganglia
133
Synapse
Functional junction between nerves where nerve impulse is transmitted
134
Transmission down neuron is
Electrical
135
Transmission to next neuron is
Chemical
136
Propagation of action potential
1. If enough Na enters cell, action potential starts and is propagated over the entire axon
2. All or none impulse is propagated or not
3. Fibers w/ myelin sheaths conduct impulses more quickly
137
Initiation and generation of action potential
1. Stimulus changes permeability of membrane to Na+
2. Na+ diffuses into the neuron
3. Inward rush of Na+ depolarizes cell (inside becomes more positive)
4. If stim and Na+ is strong enough, local depolarization lets neuron conduct action potential
138
Synapse transmission
139
Synapse transmission
1.AP reaches axon terminal, Ca2+ channels open
2. Ca2+ gets NT to release from axon terminal through vesicles
3. NT goes into synaptic cleft and attaches to receptors of next neuron
4. If enough NT released, graded potential is generated. Nerve impulse happens beyond synapse. Kick starts Na+ entry into receiving cell
5. Enzyme removes NT
140
Special senses include
Smell, taste, sight, hearing, equilibrium
141
Special sense receptors
Large sensory organs, eye and ear
Localized clusters of receptors (taste buds and olfactory epithelium)
142
____% of sensory receptors are in the eyes
70%
143
How many nerve fibers in each eye?
Over 1 million
144
Accessory structures of eye
-Extrinsic eye muscles
-Eyelids
-Conjuctiva
-Lacrimal apparatus
145
Canthus or commisures
Ends of eyes
146
Conjunctiva
-Covers sclera
-Lines lids and eyeball
-Connects w/ transparent cornea
-secretes mucus to lubricate eye and keep it moist
147
Lacrimal canaliculus
Tube where tears go. Goes into nose
148
Palpebral fissure
Opening between eyelids
149
Lacrimal caruncle
Fleshy inner part of inner corner
150
Eyelids
Meet at medial and lateral commisures (canthus)
151
Eyelashes
Tarsal glands produce oily secretion that lubricates the eye
152
Location of ciliary glands
Between eyelashes
153
Lacrimal apparatus made of
Lacrimal gland+ ducts
154
Lacrimal gland
Produces Lacrimal fluid (tears)
On lateral end of each eye
155
Ducts
1.Tears drain across eye into Lacrimal canaliculi,
2. Then Lacrimal sac
3. Nasolacrimal duct, empties into nasal cavity
156
Tears contain
Dilute salt solution
Mucus
Antibodies
Lysosome (destroys bacteria)
157
Function of tears
Cleanse, protect, lubricate the eye
158
Iris
Regulates amount of light entering eye
159
Fibrous layer
Sclera+ cornea
160
Cornea
Transparent,
Central anterior portion
Lets light pass through
161
Palpebra
Eyelid
162
Pupil
Dark part of eye
Photons of light pass
163
Mebum
Oily secretion that lubricates eye
164
Myopia
Nearsightedness
Long eyeball,
Light doesn't reach retina
165
Hyperopia
Far sighted short eyeball
