7B Flashcards
1
Q
Cerebral hemispheres
A
Left and right superior parts of brain
2
Q
Which include more than half of the brain mass?
A
Central hemispheres
3
Q
Brain regions
A
Hemispheres
Diencephalon
Brain stem
Cerebellum
4
Q
Surface of hemispheres made of
A
Fissures
Gyri
Sulci
5
Q
What are lobes named after?
A
Cranial bones that lie over them
6
Q
Gyri
A
Ridges
7
Q
Sulci
A
Grooves
8
Q
Fissures
A
Deeper grooves
9
Q
Regions of cerebral hemisphere
A
Cortex
White matter
Basal nuclei
10
Q
Basal nuclei
A
Deep pockets of grey matter
11
Q
Cortex
A
Superficial grey matter
12
Q
Function of cortex
A
- Find and interpret sensory inputs
- Control voluntary and skilled muscle activity
- Intellectual and emotional processing
13
Q
Basal nuclei function
A
Subcortical motor
Helps Control skeletal muscle movements
14
Q
Parts in diencephalon region
A
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Limbic system (epithalamus)
15
Q
Thalamus
A
1.Sensory info to cerebral cortex
2.Communicates cerebral motor cortex and lower motor center
3.Memory
16
Q
Hypothalamus
A
- Integration of autonomic nervous system
- Regulates temp, food intake, water balance and thirst
- Pituitary gland output
17
Q
What makes ADH and oxytocin
A
Hypothalamus
18
Q
Limbic system
A
1.Functional
2. Has cerebral and diencephalon structures (hypothalamus and anterior thalamic nuclei)
- Mediated emotional responses and memory processing
19
Q
Parts of brain stem region
A
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Reticular formation
20
Q
Midbrain
A
- Visual and auditory reflexes
- Subcortical motor centers
- Nuclei for cranial nerves 3&4
- Projection fibers
21
Q
Pons
A
1.Communicates cerebrum to cerebellum
2. Respiratory rate and depth (works w/ medullary centers)
3. Cranial nerves of bones 5-7
4. Projection fibers
22
Q
Medulla oblongata
A
1.Ascending sensory pathway impulses from skin and proprioceptors
- Heart rate, blood vessel diameter, resp rate, vomiting
3.sensory info to cerebellum - Nuclei of cranial nerves 8-12; projection fibers
- Site of crossover pyramids
23
Q
Reticular formation
A
- Functional system
- Cortical alertness
- Filters out repetitive stimuli
- Regulate skeletal and visceral muscle activity
24
Q
Cerebellum
A
1.processes info from cerebral motor cortex
- Smooth skeletal muscle movements.Coordinates cerebral motor cortex and subcortical motor centers
- Balance and posture
25
Primary somatic sensory area
1. In parietal lobe behind central sulcus
2. Gets sensory info, pain temp, light touch
3. Left side or primary somatic area gets impulses from right side
and vice versa
4. Sensory homunculus is spatial map
26
Study the homunculi
27
Visual area
Occipital lobe
28
Auditory area
Temporal lobe
29
Olfactory area
Temporal lobe
30
Primary motor area location
In front of central sulcus in frontal lobe
31
What does the primary motor area do?
Lets you consciously move skeletal muscles
32
Motor neurons form a
Corticospinal tract
33
Corticospinal tract descends to
Spinal cord
34
Motor homunculus is spatial map of
Primary motor area
35
Broca's area
1. Part of cortex
2. Speaking ability
3. Left hemisphere
36
Anterior association area
Frontal lobe
Thinking
Processing sense info
37
Posterior association area
Posterior cortex
Thinking
Processing sense info
38
Speech area
For sounding out words
39
White matter made of
Fiber tracts deep to grey matter
Has commisures
Association fiber tracts
Projection fiber tracts
Corpus callosum
40
What connects the hemispheres?
Corpus callosum
41
Commisures
Tracts like the corpus callosum
42
What connects areas within a hemisphere?
Association fiber tracts
43
What connects the cerebrum with lower CNS centers
Projection fiber tracts
44
Basal nuclei
"islands" of grey matter buried deep within white matter
45
Function of basal nuclei
Regulate motor control activities
Modify instructions sent to skeletal muscles by primary motor cortex
46
Diencephalon location
Sits on top of brain stem
Enclosed by hemispheres
47
What encloses the third ventricle?
Thalamus
48
Relay station for impulses going up to cerebral cortex
Thalamus
49
Responsible for sending impulses to the right part of the cortex for localization and interpretation
Thalamus
50
What makes the floor of the diencephalon?
Hypothalamus
51
Autonomic system functions of hypothalamus
Regulates:
Body temp
H2O balance
Metabolism
52
What houses limbic center for emotions?
Hypothalamus
53
What regulates the nearby pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
54
Houses mammillary bodies for olfaction
Hypothalamus
55
Forms roof of third ventricle
Epithalamus
56
What houses the pineal gland/body?
Epithalamus
57
Includes Choroid plexus
Epithalamus
58
Choroid plexus
Makes cerebrospinal fluid
59
Brain stem
Attaches to spinal cord
60
Midbrain extends from
Mammillary bodies to pons inferiorly
61
What connects 3&4 ventricles in the midbrain?
Cerebral aqueduct (tiny canal)
62
Cerebral peduncles
2 bulging fiber tracts
Convey ascending and descending impulses
In midbrain
63
Role of corpora quadrigemina (four rounded protrusions) in the midbrain?
Visual and auditory reflex centers
64
Corpora quadrigemina
4 rounded protrusions in midbrain
65
Rounded structure just below midbrain
Pons
66
Pons is mostly made of
Fiber tracts
67
Pons has nuclei in control of
Breathing
68
Most inferior part of brain stem that merges into spinal cord
Medulla oblongata
69
Medulla oblongata has ______ fiber tracts
Important
70
Control centers of the medulla oblongata control
1.Heart rate
2. BP
3. Breathing
4.Swallowing
5. Vomiting
71
Fourth ventricle location
Behind pons and medulla
72
Reticular formation brain stem
1.Diffuse mass of grey matter along brain stem
2. Motor control of visceral organs
3. RAS
73
RAS stands for
Reticular Activating System
74
Reticular Activating System function
Awake/Sleep cycles and consciousness
Filter for incoming sensory information
75
Cerebellum composed of
2 hemispheres with convoluted surfaces
76
What is outer cortex of cerebellum made of?
Gray matter
77
What is inner region of cerebellum made of?
White matter
78
Functions of cerebellum
1.Control balance
2. Precise timing for skeletal muscle activity & coordination of body movements
79
What protects CNS ?
Meninges
CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)
Blood-brain barrier
80
Meninges
Dura mater
Folds inward
81
Dura mater
Outermost leathery layer
Double layered external covering
82
Layers of dura mater
Periosteum
Meningeal layer
Arachnoid layer
Pia mater
83
Attached to inner surface of skull
Periosteum
84
Meningeal layer
Outer covering of brain
85
Types of folds in areas of dura mater
Falx cerebri
Tentorium cerebelli
86
Arachnoid layer
1.Middle layer
2.Web like extensions attach to pia mater
3. Subarachnoid space filled w/ CSF & web-like extensions
4. Arachnoid granulations protrude through dura mater & absorb CSF into blood
87
Pia mater
Internal layer
Clings to surface of brain & spinal cord
88
Meninges acronym
D(uramater)
A(rachnoid mater)
P(ia mater)
89
CSF is similar to _____ _______ in composition
Blood plasma
90
What makes CSF
Choroid plexus
91
Choroid plexus
Capillaries in ventricles of brain
92
Function of CSF
Watery cushion to protect brain and spinal cord
93
Places where CSF circulates
Arachnoid space
Ventricles
Central canal of spinal cord
94
CSF circulation step 1
1. CSF made by Choroid plexus of each ventricles
95
CSF circulation step 2
2. Flows through ventricles and into subarachnoid space through median and lateral apertures
3. Some CSF flows through central canal of spinal cord
96
CSF circulation step 3
CSF flows through subarachnoid space
97
CSF circulation step 4
Absorbed in sural venous sinuses via arachnoid villi
98
Blood brain barrier includes least
Least permeable capillaries of the body
99
What does the Blood brain barrier allow to pass through
Water, glucose, aminoacids allowed to pass through capillary walls
100
What substances does the blood brain barrier exclude?
Harmful substances and wastes
101
What is Blood brain barrier useless against?
Alcohol and some drugs
102
Types of TBI
Concussion
Contusion
Death
103
Concussion
Slight brain injury
Little permanent damage
104
Contusion
marked nervous tissue destruction occurs
Coma may happen
105
Can cause death
Intercranial hemorrhage
Cerebral edema
106
CVA
Circulation to brain blocked
Loss of functions
107
Types of loss of function caused by CVA
Hemiplegia
Aphasia
108
Hemiplegia
One sided paralysis
109
Aphasia
Damage to speech center in left hemisphere
110
TIA
Transient ischemic attack
Temporary loss of blood
Numbness, temp paralysis, impaired speech
111
Ischemia
Restriction of blood flow
112
Spinal cord extends from
Foramen magnum to first or second lumbar vertabra
113
Cauda equina located at
Inferior end of spinal cord
114
Cauda equina
Collection of spinal nerves at inferior end
115
How many spinal nerves arise from spinal cord?
31 pairs of spinal nerves
116
Function of spinal cord
Two way conduction pathway to and from the brain
117
Internal grey matter of spinal cord and spinal roots is made of
Mostly cell bodies
118
What houses the interneurons
Dorsal horns
119
Interneurons
Receive info from sensory neurons in dorsal root
120
Dorsal root ganglion
Houses cell bodies
121
Anterior horns house
Motor neurons of somatic nervous system
122
What surrounds the central canal ?
Gray matter
123
What is central canal full of?
CSF
124
What sends info to ventral root?
Motor neurons of somatic nervous system
125
White matter of spinal cord made of
Myelinated fiber tracts
126
Regions of spinal cord
Dorsal,
Lateral,
Ventral
127
Afferent tracts send impulses to
Brain
128
Efferent tracts take impulses
From brain to skeletal muscle
129
PNS made of
Nerves and ganglia outside of CNS
130
Nerve
Bundles of neurons outside of CNS
131
Endoneurium
Connective tissue sheath around each fiber
132
Perineurium
Wraps groups of fibers bound into a fascicle
133
Epineurium
Binds groups of fascicles
134
Mixed nerves
Have both sensory and motor fibers
135
Afferent nerves
Carry impulse towards CNS
136
Efferent nerves
Carry impulses away from CNS
137
How many pairs of nerves serve the head and neck mostly
12 pairs of nerves
138
Vagus nerves
Only pair that extends to thoracic and abdominal cavities
139
Most cranial nerves are _____ nerves
Mixed nerves
140
Which cranial nerves are sensory only?
Optic
Olfactory
Vestibulocochlear
141
Cranial Nerves Mnemonic device
Oh
Oh
Oh
To
Touch
And
Feel
Very
Green
Vegetables
A
H
142
Oh
Olfactory, optic, oculomotor
143
To
Trochlear
144
Touch
Trigeminal
145
And
Abducens
146
Feel
Facial
147
Very
Vestibulocochlear
148
Green
Glossopharyngeal
149
Vegetables
Vagus
150
A
Accessory
151
H
Hypoglossal
152
Olfactory nerve i
Smell
Sensory
153
Optic nerve ii
Sensory
Vision impulses
154
Oculomotor iii
Motor fibers to 4/6 muscles that move eyeball
Eyelid
Internal eye muscles (controls lens shape and pupil size)
155
iv Trochlear nerve
Motor fibers for one external eye muscle
Superior oblique
156
Trigeminal nerve v
Both motor and sensory
Impulses from face skin and face mucosa
Motor fibers activate chewing muscles
157
VI abducens
Motor fibers to lateral rectus muscle
Rolls eye laterally
158
Vii facial
Facial expression
Lacrimal and salivary glands
Sensory impulses from taste buds of anterior tongue
159
Viii vestibulocochlear
Sensory
Balance
Cochlear branch: impulses for hearing sense
160
IX glossopharyngeal
Motor:
Swallowing
Saliva production
Sensory:
Tastebuds back of tongue
Pressure receptors of carotid artery
161
X Vagus
Sensory and motor impulses to:
Pharynx
Larynx
Abdominal and thoracic viscera
Regulate digestive and heart activity
162
XI accessory nerves
Activate sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle
163
XII Hypoglossal
Tongue movement and impulses from tongue
164
Spinal nerves formed by combination of
Ventral and dorsal roots of spinal cord
165
Regions of spinal nerves
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
166
Ramus
Branch of a spinal nerve
Has motor and sensory fibers
167
Dorsal Rami
Serve Skin and muscles of posterior trunk
168
Ventral Rami
Muscles & Skin of ribs and trunk
(T1-T12)
Intercoastal
169
Ventral Rami except for T1-T12
Complex network for anterior
170
Plexus
Complex nerves network
Meets Motor and sensory needs of limbs
171
Which are the 4 plexuses
Cervical
Brachial
Lumbar
Sacral
172
Plexuses form from
Ventral Rami of spinal nerves in cervical, lumbar, sacral regions
173
Origin of cervical plexus
C1-C5
Ventral Rami
174
Important cervical plexus nerves
Phrenic
175
Phrenic serves
Diaphragm
Skin &muscles of shoulder & neck
176
Result of damage to cervical plexus and phrenic
Respiratory paralysis
Death
177
Brachial plexus important nerves
Axillary
Radial
Median
Musculocutaneous
Ulnar
178
Axillary nerve serves
Deltoid muscle
Skin of shoulder
Muscles and skin of superior thorax
179
Result of damage to axillary nerve
Paralysis & atrophy of deltoid
180
Radial nerve serves
triceps & extensor muscles of forearm
Skin of posterior upper limb
181
Result of damage to radial nerve
Wristdrop
Inability to extend hand at the wrist
182
Median nerve serves
Flexor muscles
Skin of forearm
Some hand muscles
183
Median nerve damage results
Can't pick up small objects
Can't flex & abduct hand, thumb or index finger
184
Musculocutaneous nerve serves
Flexor muscles of arm;
Skin of lateral forearm
185
Musculocutaneous nerve damage
Can't flex forearm at elbow
186
Ulnar nerve serves
Flexor muscles of forearm,
Wrist,
Hand muscles,
Skin of hand
187
Ulnar nerve damage results
Clawhand
Inability to spread fingers apart
188
Brachial plexus originates from
Ventral Rami C5-C8 & T1
189
Important nerves of lumbar plexus
Femoral(lateral & ant. Cutaneous branches)
Obturator
190
Origin of lumbar plexus
Ventral Rami
L1-L4
191
Femoral nerve serves
Lower abdomen,
Anterior & Medial thigh muscles,
Skin of anteromedial leg and thigh
192
Femoral nerve damage results
Can't extend leg and flex hip
Less cutaneous sensation
193
Obturator nerve serves
1. Adductor muscles of medial thigh
2. Small hip muscles
3. Skin of medial thigh
4. Hip joint
194
Obturator nerve damage results
Can't adduct thigh
195
Sacral plexus origin
L4-L5 &
S1-S4
196
Important nerves in sacral plexus
1. Sciatic
2. Superior and inferior gluteal
197
Sciatic nerve
Largest in body
198
Sciatic nerve splits to
Common fibular & tibial nerves above the knee
199
Common fibular
Superficial and deep branches
200
Tibial includes
Sural & Plantar branches
201
Sciatic nerve serves
1. Lower trunk
2. Back of thigh (hip extensors, knee flexors)
202
Common fibular nerve serves
Lateral aspect of leg and foot
203
Tibial nerve serves
Posterior aspect of leg and foot
204
Results of damage to sciatic nerve
Can't extend hip or flex knee ; sciatica
205
Result of damage to common fibular nerve
Foot drop, can't dorsiflex foot
206
Result of damage to tibial nerve
Can't plantar flex and invert foot
Shuffling gait
207
Superior and inferior gluteal nerves serve
Gluteus muscles of hip
208
Result of damage to superior and inferior gluteal nerves
Can't extend hip or abduct and medially rotate thigh
209
Motor subdivision of PNS made of
Only motor nerves
210
What is also known as the involuntary nervous system
Motor subdivision of PNS
211
The PNS controls the body
Automatically
Cardiac and smooth muscle cells and glands
212
Describe motor neuron cells in somatic nervous system
Motor neuron cell bodies originate inside of CNS
Axons extend to skeletal muscles that are served
213
Autonomic nervous system
Chain of two motor neurons:
Preganlionic
Postganglionic
Has two arms:
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
214
Preganlionic
In brain or spinal cord
215
Postganglionic neuron
Extends to the organ
216
Sympathetic associate with
Fight or flight
Dog chasing
Sweat
217
Parasympathetic associated with
Rest and digest
218
Craniosacral division
Parasympathetic division
219
Preganlionic neurons originate in
Cranial nerves 3,7 9, &10
S2-S4 regions of spinal cord
220
Preganlionic neurons synapse with
Terminal ganglia
221
From terminal ganglia, postganglionic axons extend to
Organs that are served
222
Thoracolumbar region
Sympathetic region
223
Preganlionic neurons originate from
T1-L2
224
To enter sympathetic trunk ganglion axons must
Pass through ramus communicans
225
Sympathetic trunk or chain lies near
The spinal cord
226
After synapsing at ganglion, axon may synapse with
A second neuron at the same or different level
227
What happens when preganlionic neuron passes ganglion without synapsing
It forms part of the splanchnic nerves
228
Splanchnic nerves travel to
Collateral ganglion
229
Collateral ganglia serve
Abdominal and pelvic organs
230
Body organs from autonomic system receive fibers from ____ divisions
Both
231
Which receive only sympathetic fibers?
Blood vessels
Structures of skin
Some glands
Adrenal medulla
232
What can happen when both body divisions serve the same organ
Can cause antagonistic effects because of neurotransmitters
233
Cholinergic fibers
Parasympathetic
234
Adrenergic fibers
Sympathetic postganglionic
235
Cholinergic fibers release
Acetylcholine
236
Adrenergic fibers release
Norepinephrine
237
Preganlionic axons of both divisions release
Acetylcholine
238
E division
Sympathetic
239
Parts of E division
Embarrassment
Excitement
Emergency
Excercise
240
Responsible for "housekeeping" activities
Parasympathetic
241
Which system conserves energy
Parasympathetic
242
Maintains daily necessary functions
Parasympathetic
243
D division
Parasympathetic
"Digestion"
"Defecation"
"Diuresis"
244
Stimulates constrictor muscle; constricts pupils
Parasympathetic
245
Stimulates dilator muscles; dilates pupils
Sympathetic
246
Stimulates to increase bulging of lens for close vision
Parasympathetic
247
Inhibits, decreases bulging of lens; prepares for distant vision
Sympathetic
248
Stimulates adrenal medulla cells to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine
Sympathetic
249
Produce perspiration
Sympathetic
250
Produces goosebumps
Sympathetic
251
Causes ejaculation
Sympathetic
252
Causes erection
Parasympathetic
253
Increases metabolic rate;
Increases blood sugar levels; stimulates fat breakdown
Sympathetic
