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Anatomy And Physiology 1 > 7a > Flashcards

7a Flashcards

(137 cards)

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1
Q

Sensory input

A

Getting info

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2
Q

What do sensory do?

A

Monitor stimuli in and out of body

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3
Q

Integration

A

Nervous system processes input and sees if you need to do anything

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4
Q

Motor output

A

Response or effect that activates muscles or glands

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5
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Cranial and spinal nerves

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7
Q

Afferent

A

Sense organs

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8
Q

Efferent

A

Motor

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9
Q

Parts of efferent system

A

Somatic
Autonomic

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10
Q

Somatic

A

Voluntary
Skeletal muscle

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11
Q

Autonomic

A

Involuntary
Cardiac and smooth muscle

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12
Q

Parts of autonomic system

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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13
Q

Function of CNS

A

Integration:command center
Interprets info

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14
Q

What is the PNS made of?

A

Nerves extending from brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Carry messages to and from spine

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16
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Carry messages to and from brain

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17
Q

Function of PNS

A

Communicates sense organs, brain, spinal cord and glands or muscles

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18
Q

Sensory (afferent) division

A

Fibers carry info to CNS

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19
Q

Afferent somatic sensory fibers

A

Carry info from skin, skeletal muscles & joints

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20
Q

Visceral sensory fibers (afferent)

A

Carry info from visceral organs

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21
Q

Motor (efferent) division

A

Nerve fibers carry impulses away from CNS to affector organs

(Muscles and glands)

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22
Q

Neuroglia

A

support cells in CNS

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23
Q

What do neuroglia do?

A

Support
Insulate
Protect neurons

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24
Q

Which cells never lose the ability to divide?

A

Glia aka neuroglia aka glial cells

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25
What do glial cells look like?
Neurons
26
How are glial cells different from neurons
Never lose ability to divide Can't conduct nerve impulses
27
Types of nervous tissue cells
1.Glia 2. Neurons
28
Astrocytes
1.Type of glial 2.Star shaped 3.Anchor neurons to capillaries 4. Controls permeability, exchanges blood 5. Protects from harmful chemicals 6. Controls chemical environment
29
Most abundant glial cells
Astrocytes
30
Microglia
1. Spidery phagocytes 2. Check health of neurons 3. Get rid of debris
31
Ependymal cells
1.Line cavities 2. Cilia help move cerebrospinal fluid 3. Found in ventricles
32
Oligodendrocytes
1.Make myelin sheath 2.wrap around nerve fibers 3. Insulates axons
33
Oligodendrocytes part of
CNS
34
Ependymal cells part of
CNS
35
Microglia part of
CNS
36
Astrocytes part of
CNS
37
Schwann cells part of
PNS
38
Satellite cells part of
PNS
39
Schwann cells
Make myelin sheath in PNS nerve fibers
40
Satellite cells
Protect and cushion neuron cell bodies
41
Neurons
Specialized cells to transmit messages
42
Regions on neurons
Cell body Processes
43
Cell body of neurons
Nucleus and metabolic center of cell
44
Processes of neurons
Fibers that extend from cell body
45
Characteristic of neuron cell body
1.Nucleus w/ large nucleolus 2.Nissl Bodies 3. Neurofibrils
46
Nissl bodies
Special rough ER
47
Neurofibrils
Keep cell shape intermediate filaments
48
Types of processes
1.Dendrites 2.Axons 3. Synapse
49
Dendrites
Messages toward cell body (bring messages) One neuron may have hundreds
50
Axons
Take messages away
51
How many axons do neurons have?
One
52
Where is axon located?
At axon hillock
53
Where do axons end?
At axon terminals
54
What do axon terminals contain?
Vesicles w/ neurotransmitters
55
What separates axon terminals?
Gap
56
Synaptic cleft
Gap between axon terminals and next neuron
57
Synapse
Functional junction between nerves where nerve impulse is transmitted
58
Myelin
White fatty material Covers axons Protects, insulates and speeds transmission
59
Wrap axons in jelly roll fashion (PNS) to form myelin sheath
Schwann cells
60
Neurilemma
Part of Schwann cell outside of myelin sheath
61
Nodes of Ranvier
Gaps in myelin sheath along axon
62
Produce myelin sheath around axons of CNS
Oligodendrocytes
63
Which myelin sheath cells lack a neurilemma?
Oligodendrocytes
64
Nuclei
Clusters of cell bodies in CNS
65
Ganglia
Collections of cell bodies outside of CNS in the PNS
66
Tracts
Bundles of nerve fibers in the CNS
67
Nerves
Bundles of nerve fibers in the PNS
68
White matter
Collections of myelinated fibers (tracts)
69
Gray matter
Mostly unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies
70
Sensory afferent neurons
Take info from sense receptors to CNS
71
Afferent receptors include
1.Cutaneous sense organs 2.Proprioceptors (muscles, tendons)
72
Proprioceptors
Send info about position & movement of tendons and muscles to CNS
73
Free nerve endings
Pain and temp receptors in skin
74
Meissner's corpuscles
Touch receptors
75
Lamellar corpuscles
Deep pressure receptors
76
Golgi tendon organ
Proprioceptor Get stimuli from within body Respond to position and movement
77
Muscle spindle
Proprioceptor Get stimuli from within body Respond to position and movement
78
Motor neurons (efferent)
Take orders from CNS to viscera, muscles, glands
79
Interneurons aka
Association neurons
80
Interneurons
Connect sensory and motor neurons Cell bodies in the CNS Reflexes
81
Multipolar neurons
Many extensions Most common structural type
82
Motor and interneurons are all
Multipolar
83
Bipolar neurons
One axon One dendrite
84
Where are bipolar neurons located?
Special sense organs (Nose, eye) Rare in adults
85
Unipolar neurons
Short, single process
86
Where are unipolar neurons found?
PNS ganglia
87
What do unipolar neurons do?
Conduct impulses toward and away from the body
88
Irritability
Respond to stimulus and turn into impulse
89
Conductivity
Ability to transmit impulse to other neurons , Muscles or glands
90
Electric condition of resting neuron membrane
Polarized Membrane mostly impermaneable to Na+ and K+
91
Polarized
Inactive
92
In a resting neuron membrane, ion distribution
Less positive ions inside than outside
93
Major positive ion inside the cell
K+
94
Major positive ion outside the cell
Na+
95
When does the cell remain inactive?
When inside of membrane is more negative (less positive ions) than outside
96
What changes permeability of neuron's membrane to Na ions ?
A stimulus
97
Step 2 of action potential and generation
Na channels open and Na+ enters neuron
98
Step 1 of action potential and generation
A stimulus changes permeability of membrane
99
Step 3 of action potential and generation
Influx of Na+ changes polarity
100
Depolarization
Caused by influx of Na+ No longer inactive
101
Step 4 of action potential and generation
Localized depolarization exists where inside is more positive than outside
102
Localized depolarization
Graded potential
103
Step 5 of action potential and generation
If depolarization is great enough, neuron is activated to conduct impulse
104
Propagation of the action Potential
If enough Na enters cell, impulse is started and is propagated over the entire axon
105
All or none response
Impulse is either propagated or not
106
Fibers with ______ ________ conduct impulses more quickly
Myelin sheaths
107
How is action potential propagated?
1st membrane patch makes adjacent membrane more permeable.
108
Repolarization
Opposite of depolarization
109
What happens during repolarization?
Becomes impermeable to Na and permeable to K K+ is removed Inside has - charge, outside has + charge
110
In which direction does repolarization occur?
Same direction as depolarization
111
What restores initial conditions of Na and K ?
Na K pump, uses ATP
112
___ ______ ions are ejected from the cell by the Na K pump
3 sodium
113
___ _______ ions are returned to the cell by the Na K pump
Two potassium
114
Neuron can't conduct another impulse until
Repolarization is complete
115
Step 1 of transmission of signal at synapses
Action potential reaches the axon terminal, Electric charge opens calcium channels
116
Step 2 of transmission of signal at synapses
Calcium kick-starts next part Makes tiny vesicles containing neurotransmitter chemical to fuse w/ axonal membrane.
117
Step 3 of transmission of signal at synapses
Release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft
118
Step 4 of transmission of signal at synapses
Neurotransmitters in synaptic cleft diffuse and bind to receptors on membrane of next neuron
119
Neurons not in direct contact, instead form
Synapses
120
Step 5 of transmission of signal at synapses
If enough neurotransmitter is released, graded potential is generated. Eventually, nerve impulse will occur beyond the synapse Kick-starts entrance of Na+ into receiving cell
121
Step 6 of transmission of signal at synapses
Electrical changed during neurotransmitter binding are brief NT removed from synapse Ion channels closed, NT broken down and released
122
What removes NT from synapse ?
Reuptake Enzymatic activity
123
Transmission down neuron is
Electrical
124
Transmission to next neuron is
Chemical
125
Reflexes
Rapid, predictable, involuntary responses
126
Reflexes occur over which neural pathways?
Reflex arcs
127
Types of reflexes
Somatic Autonomic
128
5 elements of reflex arc
1. Receptor 2. Sensory neuron 3. Integration center (spinal cord) 4. Motor neuron 5. Effector
129
Somatic reflexes
Stim skeletal muscles Involuntary Pulling hand away from fire
130
Autonomic reflexes
1. Smooth muscle, Heart, Glands. 2. Regulation of smooth muscle, heart, BP, glands, digestive system
131
Sensory receptor
Reacts to stim
132
Sensory neuron
Carries message to integration center
133
Integration center (CNS)
Processed info and directs motor output
134
Motor neuron
Carries message to effector
135
Effector organ
Muscle or gland that's stimulated
136
Two neuron reflex arcs
Simplest type Patellar (knee jerk) reflex
137
3 neuron reflex arcs
Has all 5 parts of a reflex arc Flexor: withdrawal (hot surfaces)

Anatomy And Physiology 1 (26 decks)

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