700 exam 1 Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
Define Natural Science
A
Sciences that use the general laws of nature and being with the physical idea of the world.
Example are physics, math, chemistry.
2
Q
Natural sciences are also known as pure because
A
each one is a unique body of knowledge and can stand on its own, for example math does not use psychology
3
Q
Natural aka pure science is not developed for
A
utility, rather it’s for the sake of knowledge
4
Q
Natural aka pure science is based on the idea that
A
reality is objective, not subjective
5
Q
Because natural science is objective, this means it is also
A
reproducible and reliable
6
Q
Natural science has 2 other names
A
Pure
and
Hard
7
Q
Soft sciences are also called applied sciences for 2 reasons
A
the purpose is to apply them to meet a human need,
and because it is applying the hard sciences
8
Q
The applied sciences are called soft science because
A
there’s not an emphasis on objectivity and being reproducible
9
Q
Science refers to
A
processes and outcomes of processes, such as general laws and observations
10
Q
The 5 criteria for science
A
Intersubjective testability Reliability Definiteness and Precision Coherence Comprehensiveness and scope
11
Q
1 criterion for science: I T
A
Intersubjective testability
12
Q
1 criterion for science: R
A
Reliability
13
Q
1 criterion for science: D
A
Definiteness and Precision
14
Q
1 criterion for science: Ce
A
Coherence
15
Q
1 criterion for science: CS
A
Comprehensiveness and scope
16
Q
Criterion for science: Intersubjective testability
A
if 2 people look at the same thing in the same way, they should see the same thing
17
Q
Criterion for science: Reliability
A
When the process is repeated, you get the same result
18
Q
Criterion for science: Definiteness and Precision
A
The results you get should be exact, 2 plus 2 = 4, not approximately 4
19
Q
Criterion for science: Coherence
A
different parts of the idea are required to make sense together
20
Q
Criterion for science: Comprehensiveness and scope
A
You must be able to apply science to other things. If 2 + 2 = 4, you can also say that 4 + 4 = 8
21
Q
Define philosophy
A
he search for meaning and applying a belief to situations. It’s both a process and an outcome. It represents a perspective and its set of beliefs.
22
Q
continue
A
Test-retest reliability Replicability What is a pretest What’s a post test Definite nursing science
Why is nursing known as a discipline/what is the criteria that make us a discipline
What are the nursing standards (from the reading)
Know the difference between grand a middle range theory
Erickson-
Example of common morality
Peplausinterpersonal theory:Preorientation
Peplausinterpersonal theory:Orientation
Peplausinterpersonal theory:Working
23
Q
Define philosophy
A
the search for meaning and applying a belief to situations. It’s both a process and an outcome. It represents a perspective and its set of beliefs.
24
Q
Science
A
Itsboth processes and outcomes of processes (same as philosophy). Involves general laws and observations. You use the laws in a systematic way to make a body of knowledge.
25
Natural Science aims to create knowledge for the sake of
knowledge
26
Applied Science aims to apply knowledge for
a certain purpose
27
Human Science has an aim kind of like applied science because its also about using it for a purpose. With human science the purpose is specifically to
improve people’s quality of life.
28
Changes to knowledge are evolutionary but not necessarily a
progression
29
Logical positivist influence on nursing was largely responsible for
the focus on theory development that led to nursing science.
30
There must be a theoretical foundation for nursing knowledge if it is to be
considered a science
31
Nursing does NOT fit the
logical positivist approach
32
The future of nursing knowledge is not about predicting the future but rather its about
developing our perspective on things.
33
Also the future of nursing knowledge involves blending philosophy with
social trends and needs in the discipline.
34
Nursing development has been non-
non-linear
35
The doctor of nursing practice degree is a
practice-focused, terminal degree (the fact that it emphasizes practice separates it from other PhD )
36
DNP Essential 1 is the
scientific foundations for nursing practice
37
Hard and soft sciences build a basis for understanding
how to best care for patients
38
Nursing research is different than nursing science because it’s
a systematic inquiry into problems associates with health
39
Nursing theory is a product of
nursing science
40
A theory is a
relationship between 2 or more concepts
41
Concepts are
things, properties, or events.
42
Concept indicates the
subject matter of the theory
43
The type of theory that helps guide clinical stuff is
middle range theory
44
DNPs are different from other nurses because
their job is to integrate theories
45
How do we determine if a theory is applicable to a certain situation?
You’d need to decide how useful it is.
46
Theories fall into 2 categories,
scientific and common sense
47
Scientific theories are more elaborate than
common sense theories.
48
The 3 goals of scientific theory:
Describe, explain, predict
49
____ ____ theories are rigid, universal laws
Natural Science
50
_______ Science theories are varied, malleable
Behavioral
51
Western ethics theories are pertaining to
normative aspects of living and the common good
52
What do nursing theories look like?
They are focused on good patient outcomes.
53
A main goal of scientific theorizing is being able to
predict behavior
54
Prediction in theory threatens a loss of
human autonomy
55
Prediction in theory is only precise on the
group level, not individual level
56
There could not be theory without
practice
57
Without theory, practice would have no
meaning
58
Fawcett came up with the
Structural Holarchy
59
The Structural Holarchy has these five levels:
Metaparadigm, Philosophy, Conceptual Model, Theory, Empirical Indicator
60
The most abstract level of the Structural Holarchy is the
metaparadigm
61
Nursing is a discipline because is has a
metaparadigm, aka a unique way of viewing everything
62
Broadly speaking, a philosophy is the search for and communication of
a viewpoint
63
In the Holarchy, a conceptual model is about the
relationships between things
64
In the Holarchy, Conceptual models have practical value because
they guide practice
65
In the Holarchy, Conceptual models are different than theories because
they’re more abstract
66
The relationship between theory and practice is called
C-T-E
67
In the Holarchy, Empirical Indicators are an
actual instrument or procedure that’s used to observe or measure theories
68
In the Holarchy, info that you get from Empirical Indicators is called
data
69
The C-T-E system is necessary for
translating stuff into practice
70
Middle range theories must be closely linked to conceptual models in order for
nursing to retain its status as a discipline
71
A complex adaptive system (CAS) is where
a bunch of individual things are connected but not always predictable
72
Complexity science and CASs represent an alternative to
the reductionist view
73
Critical theory challenges
social inequality
74
Habermas’ critical social philosophy deals with
helping people on a day to day basis
75
Habermas had 3 areas of human interest:
Tech, Practical, Emancipatory
76
Habermas: Technical interest is being able to use
tools
77
Habermas: Practical interest is being to
communicate
78
Habermas: Emancipatory interest is recognizing that
something is unjust
79
Freire’s theory is about looking at conditions that
keep some people privileged and others poor
80
There are 5 patterns of knowing:
Empirics, Ethics, Personal, Aesthetics, Emancipatory
81
Patterns of knowing refers to the
thinking nurses use when caring for patients
82
Feminist theory has 2 basic things:
feminine style of moral reasoning works just as well as the male style AND looking at why women are second class citizens
83
Feminist theory: feminine moral reasoning is relationship focused and masculine moral reasoning is
justice focused
84
Feminist theory: argues that men and women have
fundamentally different life situations
85
Feminist theory: gender oppression is universal but
it’s not necessarily the worst form
86
Care-focused feminists are concerned with
explaining the differences between an ethics of justice and an ethics of care
87
Care-focused feminists believe that women are better at
caring for others than men
88
Care-focused feminists don’t like that people think caregiving is
womens work
89
Power-focused feminists can be divided into two groups:
Liberal and Radical
90
Liberal feminists believe that political/social stuff
systematically oppresses women
91
Radical feminists believe that
cultural stuff is what oppresses women
92
The two most basic types of feminist moral theory are
Care-Focused and Power-Focused
93
Ethics definition:
A systematic of understanding right from wrong AND how it relates to wellbeing
94
Ethics is active, not
static
95
Ethics is different from morals because morals are
specific things you do based on ethics
96
Ethics principles for nurses:
Autonomy, beneficience, nonmalefience, fidelity, justice, veracity, confidentiality
97
People look at ethics in 3 ways:
Normative, Meta, Descriptive
98
Normative Ethics tries to decide
what’s right and wrong
99
Meta Ethics looks at
concepts and theories
100
Descriptive ethics describes what people
think and how they act
101
Learning theory is anything that explains
how people learn.
102
The top four learning theories are
Behaviorist, Cognitive, Psychodynamic, Humanistic
103
Learning theory: Behaviorist:
the most basic one, stimulus leads to response and is reinforced.
104
Learning theory: Learners are passive and impacted by conditioning-
Behaviorist
105
Learning theory: Behaviorist is useful for
behavior modification and behavioral medicine
106
Learning theory: Classical conditioning can be used to get rid of bad behavior using:
desense, rechaining, creating new stimulus conditions, fatigue the response
107
Learning theory: Operant conditioning, two types that increase the response:
Positive and Negative reinforcement
108
Learning theory: in cognitive theory, thinking and reasoning develops over
the lifetime.
109
Learning theory where info is incorporated based on what the person already knows:
Cognitive Theory
110
Metacognition: In cognitive learning theory this is the person’s awareness of
how they think (I’m a visual learner)
111
Learning theory: Cognitive Theory: Learners are impacted by their
goals instead of their rewards
112
Learning theory: Cognitive theory: A criticism is that
it doesn’t talk about emotions
113
Cognitive theory: Piagets four stages:
sensorimotor, preop, concrete, formal
114
Sensorimotor:
Object permanence
115
Preop:
Symbols, egocentric
116
Piaget Concrete:
Conservation, classifcation
117
Piaget Formal:
Abstract, logical
118
Psychodynamic theory is good for figuring out
barriers to and also positive attitudes toward learning
119
Theory that includes defenses like denial, rationalization:
Psychodynamic (freud, erickson)
120
Maslows eight things:
Physiological, safety, belonging and love, esteem, cognitive, aesthetic, self actualize, transcend
121
Learning theory: Humanistic Learning Theory says the goal of learning is
growth and creativity
122
Learning theory: Humanistic Learning Theory criticizes
conformity
123
Learning theory: Humanistic Learning Theory stresses
feelings over thoughts
124
Learning theory: Humanistic Learning Theory: concepts align with
holism
125
Learning theory: Humanistic Learning Theory: criticism:
weak research, narcissim
126
HBM is about how the person’s
beliefs effect if theyre going to change
127
HBM: 6 parts:
am I susceptible, is it a serious thing, what are the benefits of changing, what are the barriers to changing, cues to action, do I have self efficacy
128
Social cognitive theory says behavior is the result of
personal factors, environment, and behavior.
129
Social cognitive theory says people learn by
observing others and by their own actions
130
Social cognitive theory focuses on
self-efficacy
131
Social cognitive theory says you can increase self efficacy by
setting small goals, making a formal behavior contract, monitoring progress
132
Social cognitive theory is useful for
nutritional changes
133
Positive psychology is the idea that people want
more than just not suffering, they also want a meaningful life
134
Instead of just repairing bad things, positive psychology is about
building positive things
135
Transtheoretical stages of change:
Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
136
In the transtheo model, you can advance if you have
motivation and self efficacy
137
Transpersonal psychology says that
spiritual stuff is good
138
Interpersonal theory says that anxiety is from
relationships we have with others
139
Interpersonal theory came from research that says
mental illness comes from social and cultural problems
140
Interpersonal theory says that personality is
the behaviors we see when someone is interacting with others.
141
Interpersonal theory says that main cause of developmental regression is
problems with relationships
142
Peplaus interpersonal theory: uses personality development tasks like
the stages of Freud and Sullivan
143
Peplaus interpersonal theory: said that nurses functions as
nurse-therapists aka counselors
144
Peplaus interpersonal theory: talked about the theapeutic use of
self
145
Peplaus interpersonal theory: has six roles of the nurse:
stranger, resource, teacher, leader, surrogate, counselor
146
Peplaus interpersonal theory: the nurse-patient relationship has 4 parts:
preorientation, orientation, working, termination
147
Watson’s theory says that
curing is Doctors and caring is Nurses
148
Watson said that caring takes place through the
transpersonal relationship
149
Watsons theory is based on being committed to
dignity, caring, etc
150
Watsons theory is important because it focuses on
body and spirit
151
Sullivan, peplau, and watson all had ______ theories
interpersonal
152
Environmental theories are divided into two categories:
Explanatory and Normative
153
Explanatory environmental theory: explain the
environment and its relationships with people
154
Normative environmental theory: recommends
action based on its values
155
Social exchange theory is an _____ theory
economic
156
Social exchange theory says that scarcity is the cause of the need for
economics and that people are rational
157
Social exchange theory applies regular economic theory to
human interactions
158
Social Exchange theory says that people weigh costs and benefits when
forming relationships
159
Organizational theory: there are three different types,
classic, neoclassic, modern
160
Organizational theory: An example of a Modern organizational theory is
Systems Theory
161
Systems theory: says that systems are a common feature of
all the different sciences
162
Systems theory: says that _____ ______ may exist between variables
nonlinear relationships
163
Systems theory: because two things can have a nonlinear relationship,
a small change in one things can sometimes cause a big change in the other thing
164
Systems theory: says that the whole is greater than
the parts
165
Systems theory: all systems have sub
systems
166
Systems theory: all the parts are
connected
167
Systems theory: systems have b______
boundaries
168
Systems theory: systems seek
stability
169
Systems theory: the system and environment effect
each other
170
One of the first people to develop QI was
Nightingale
171
Healthcare industry leaders focus QI on
TQM
172
TQM says that quality is based on
structure, process, and outcomes
173
TQM says quality is when you have the most benefits while having the
least cost for the patient
174
Health disparities: Matthews noted 6 ways that bias can effect patient outcomes. The biases can take place
before (Dr.s perception), during (conduct), and after the visit.
175
Health disparities: Matthews suggested three things to help with bias:
training to stop the behavior, promoting counter stereotypes, self motivation.
