700 Final Exam Flashcards
(221 cards)
1
Q
Nightingales’ canons: Ventilation and warming
A
The nurse must be concerned first with keeping the air that patients breathe as pure as the external air, without chilling them.
2
Q
Nightingales’ canons: Health of houses
A
Attention to pure air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light will secure the health of houses.
3
Q
Nightingales’ canons: Petty management
A
All the results of good nursing may be negated by one defect: not knowing how to manage what you do when you are there and what shall be done when you are not there.
4
Q
Nightingales’ canons: Noise
A
Unnecessary noise, or noise that creates an expectation in the mind, is that which hurts patients. Anything that wakes patients suddenly out of their sleep will invariably put them into a state of grater excitement and do them more serious and lasting mischief than any continuous noise, however loud.
5
Q
Nightingales’ canons: Variety
A
The nerves of the sick suffer from seeing the same walls, the same ceiling, the same surroundings during a long confinement to one or two rooms. The majority of cheerful cases are to be found among those patients who are not confined to one room, whatever their suffering, and the majority of depressed cases will be seen among those subjected to a long monotony of objects about them.
6
Q
Nightingales’ canons: Taking food
A
The nurse should be conscious of patients’ diets and remember how much food each patient has had and ought to have each day.
7
Q
Nightingales’ canons: What food?
A
To watch for the opinions the patient’s stomach gives, rather than to read “analyses of foods,” is the business of all those who have to decide what the patient should eat.
8
Q
Nightingales’ canons: Bed and bedding
A
The patient should have a clean bed every 12 hours. The bed should be narrow, so that the patient does not feel “out of humanity’s reach.” The bed should not be so high that the patient cannot easily get in and out of it. The bed should be in the lightest spot in the room, preferably near a window. Pillows should be used to support the back below the breathing apparatus, to allow shoulders room to fall back, and to support the head without throwing it forward.
9
Q
Nightingales’ canons: Light
A
With the sick, second only to their need of fresh air is their need of light. Light, especially direct sunlight, has a purifying effect upon the air of a room
10
Q
Nightingales’ canons: Cleanliness of rooms and walls
A
The greater part of nursing consists in preserving cleanliness. The inside air can be kept clean only by excessive care to rid rooms and their furnishings of the organic matter and dust with which they become saturated. Without cleanliness, you cannot have all the effects of ventilation; without ventilation, you can have no thorough cleanliness
11
Q
Nightingales’ canons: Personal cleanliness
A
Nurses should always remember that if they allow patients to remain unwashed or to remain in clothing saturated with perspiration or other excretion, they are interfering injuriously with the natural processes of health just as much as if they were to give their patients a dose of slow poison.
12
Q
Nightingales’ canons: Chattering hopes and advices
A
There is scarcely a greater worry which invalids have to endure than the incurable hopes of their friends. All friends, visitors, and attendants of the sick should avoid the practice of attempting to cheer the sick by making light of their danger and by exaggerating their probabilities of recovery.
13
Q
Nightingales’ canons: Observation of the sick
A
The most important practical lesson nurses can learn is what to observe, how to observe, which symptoms indicate improvement, which indicate the reverse, which are important, which are not, and which are the evidence of neglect and what kind of neglect.
14
Q
•Major Concepts which provided the foundation for nursing’s four metaparadigms:(PEHN)
A
–Person: The recipient of care
–Environment: Internal and external physical surroundings
–Health: Being well and using talents well
–Nursing: Managing the environment to put patients in the best possible situation for the natural laws of health to act upon them
15
Q
•Five philosophical assumptions can be inferred from Nightingale’s work:
A
–Nursing is a calling
–Nursing is an art and a science
–Persons can control outcomes of their lives and, therefore, pursue perfect health
–Nursing requires a specific educational base
–Nursing is distinct and separate from medicine
16
Q
•Propositions of the Environmental Model: Two primary relationships can be derived:
A
–The person is desirous of health, so the nurse, nature, and the person will cooperatein order forall reparative processes to occur.
–The nurse’s role is to prevent the reparative process from being interrupted and to provide conditions to optimize the reparative process.
17
Q
•Analysis of the Environmental Model:–Provides a broad framework for
A
organizing observations about nursing phenomena
18
Q
•Analysis of the Environmental Model:–Strives to provide guidelines for all nursing situations based on the
A
relationships ofenvironmentto patient, nurse to environment, and nurse to patient
19
Q
•Analysis of the Environmental Model:–Basic principles of these relationships are still relevant to
A
modern nursing care.
20
Q
Pender: emphasized the multidimensionality of persons interacting with their
A
environments as they pursue health
21
Q
Pender: Model is considered a ____-range theory
A
middle
22
Q
Pender: Model described three basic categories of health promotion:
A
–Individual characteristics and experiences
–Behavior-specific cognitions and affect
–Behavioral outcome
23
Q
Pender: Pender’s work contributes the following to the four metaparadigms:
A
Person, environment, health, nursing
24
Q
Pender: –Person:
A
The unique individual who is the focus of the model
25
Pender: Environment
The physical, interpersonal, and economic circumstances in which persons live
26
Pender: Health
A positive high-level state that is personally defined
27
Pender: Nursing
Raising consciousness of health-promoting behaviors, promoting self-efficacy, enhancing the benefits of change, controlling the environment to support behavior change, and managing the barriers to change
28
Pender: Assumptions: –Persons seek to express their
unique potential
29
Pender: Assumptions: –Persons are capable of reflective
self-awareness
30
Pender: Assumptions: –Persons value growth in
positive directions
31
Pender: Assumptions: –Persons seek to actively regulate their
behavior
32
Pender: Assumptions: –Persons transform and are transformed by the
environment
33
Pender: Assumptions: –Health professionals are part of the
environment
34
Pender: Assumptions: –Self-initiated pattern reconfiguration leads to
behavior change
35
Propositions: Pender’s model relies on fourteen theoretical propositions that focus on several specific areas: –Impact of behaviors and
characteristics
36
Propositions: Pender’s model relies on fourteen theoretical propositions that focus on several specific areas: –Affect of perceived barriers and
self-efficacy
37
Propositions: Pender’s model relies on fourteen theoretical propositions that focus on several specific areas: –Influence of significant others and positive
emotions
38
Propositions: Pender’s model relies on fourteen theoretical propositions that focus on several specific areas: –Commitment to
change
39
Pender: •Analysis of the Environmental Model: –Based on inductive reasoning and existing research that is applicable to a
wide cross-section of people
40
Pender: •Analysis of the Environmental Model: Easy to understand and uses language common to and
understood by nurses.
41
Pender: •Analysis of the Environmental Model: ______ with practicing nurses and researchers
Popular
42
Functional nursing models emphasize the function of nursing practice in relation to
health outcomes.
43
Concepts of health and patient may differ among theories, but all strive to achieve the common goal of
health restoration.
44
Development and use of theories and models is a way to practice and generate
new knowledge in nursing.
45
Conceptual models in particular keep theory at the forefront of the profession and lead
advanced practice nurses.
46
In clinical practice, these models expand the ways of
delivering health care.
47
Roy Adaption Model: described how adaptation helps people conserve
energy to heal and cope.
48
Roy Adaption Model: Philosophy and Assumptions: Based theory on the philosophical assumptions of humanism and veritivity. Veritivity is the
purpose of human existence, humankind’s shared purpose, activity for the common good, and life sense value.
49
Roy Adaption Model: Nurses must believe in each person’s
life purpose and contribute to the common good through knowledge application.
50
Roy Adaption Model: •Focuses on changes in the
human adaptive system and the environment.
51
Roy Adaption Model: •Posits that adaptation problems arise when
systems are unable to respond to stimuli
52
Roy Adaption Model: •Relies on five major elements of nursing:
Adaptation, Person, Environment, Health and Goals
53
Roy Adaption Model: Coping Processes: •Coping capacity is an important stimulus to enhance
adaptation
54
Roy Adaption Model: •Coping processes are innate or acquired methods of responding to the change environment and take four forms:
–Cognator processes: Cognitive and emotional responses
–Regulator processes: Neurochemical and endocrine responses
–Stabilizer processes: System maintenance responses
–Innovator processes: Personal change and growth responses
55
Roy Adaption Model: Coping Processes: Cognator processes:
Cognitive and emotional responses
56
Roy Adaption Model: Coping Processes: Regulator processes:
Neurochemical and endocrine responses
57
Roy Adaption Model: Coping Processes: Stabilizer processes:
System maintenance responses
58
Roy Adaption Model: Coping Processes: Innovator processes:
Personal change and growth responses
59
Roy Adaption Model: Adaptive Modes: Coping process responses constitute the outputs of the
human adaptive system.
60
Roy Adaption Model: Adaptive Modes: Coping processes lead to four interrelated modes of adaptive behavior: PSRI
–Physiological mode: Individual interaction with the environment
–Self-concept/group mode: Personal or group aspects related to behavior
–Role function mode: Personal roles in society
–Interdependence mode: Individual relationships with others
61
Roy Adaption Model: Adaptive Modes: Physiological mode:
Individual interaction with the environment
62
Roy Adaption Model: Adaptive Modes: Self-concept/group mode:
Personal or group aspects related to behavior
63
Roy Adaption Model: Adaptive Modes: Role function mode:
Personal roles in society
64
Roy Adaption Model: Adaptive Modes: Interdependence mode:
Individual relationships with others
65
•Roy proposed that the nursing process assess behavior of the holistic system with an eye to the stimulus that
prompted the behavior.
66
Roy's process includes 6 collaborative steps:
Assessment of behavior, Assessment of stimuli, Nursing diagnosis, Goal setting, Intervention and Evaluation
67
Roy depicted nursing as a science that relies on the connections between
mind and intuition.
68
Roy drew attention to the diversity of practical aspects that make nursing both a
science and an art
69
Roy integrated _____ concepts with nursing phenomena to clarify and define nursing knowledge in relation to science.
systems
70
General systems theory developed from
thermodynamics
71
General systems theory developed from thermodynamics and is based on the premise that the world is composed of
interrelated systems that influence one another.
72
General systems theory: This theory has two main assumptions:
Energy is needed to maintain organization
73
General systems theory: This theory has two main assumptions:
Dysfunction in one system impacts the other system
74
•Models function largely as conceptual models that provide nurses with
conceptual arrangements for practice.
75
•Application of these models emphasizes subsystems within the individual that contribute to the
whole
76
In Parse’s model: Black and white = opposite paradox significant to ontology of
human becoming
77
In Parse’s model: green is
hope
78
In Parse’s model: Center is joined =
co created mutual human universe process at the ontological level and nurse-person process.
79
In Parse’s model: The green and black swirls intertwining =
human-universe co creation as an ongoing process of becoming.
80
Parse’s humanbecoming is a unitary school of thought that describes a person’s co-creation of rhythmical patterns of relating in a mutual process with the
universe
81
Parse: health is becoming, or a
way of living and a synthesis of personal values.
82
Parse: Three principles form the basis of humanbecoming: Rather than confronting external reality, humans construct
their own reality by giving significance to situations
83
Parse: Three principles form the basis of humanbecoming: Creating patterns of relating requires humans to
engage in paradoxical rhythms
84
Parse: Three principles form the basis of humanbecoming: Becoming requires humans to move beyond what is to
what could be while resisting new ways of viewing both the familiar and the new
85
Parse: Research focuses on understanding the meaning of lived experiences as described by the people experiencing them through four steps:
* Participant description of experiences
* Data gathering through dialogue
* Synthesis of information to identify study focus
* Linkage of findings back to theory
86
Parse: Research focuses on understanding the meaning of lived experiences as described by the people experiencing them through four steps: •Participant description of
experiences
87
Parse: Research focuses on understanding the meaning of lived experiences as described by the people experiencing them through four steps: •Data gathering through
dialogue
88
Parse: Research focuses on understanding the meaning of lived experiences as described by the people experiencing them through four steps: •Synthesis of information to identify
study focus
89
Parse: Research focuses on understanding the meaning of lived experiences as described by the people experiencing them through four steps: •Linkage of findings back to
theory
90
Parse: The three processes are:
dialogical engagement, extraction–synthesis, and heuristic interpretation
91
Parse perceived the nurse’s role as being
truly present with people to enhance their quality of life.
92
Parse: Methodology involves three principles:
* Explicating
* Dwelling with
* Moving beyond
93
Parse: Humanbecoming nurses make a significant investment of ____ in order to develop close relationships with their clients.
time
94
Brenner: Expert:
has intuitive grasp and zeros in on the accurate region of the problem
95
Brenner: Proficient:
perceives situations as wholes instead of aspects
96
Brenner: Competent:
begins to understand actions in terms of long-range goals
97
Brenner: Beginner:
Can note recurrent meaningful situational components, but not prioritize between them.
98
Brenner: Novice:
has no professional experience
99
Brenner: There are five levels of nursing practice: NACPE
novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert.
100
Brenner: Clinicians live in different worlds depending on their
level of practice
101
Brenner: Clinicians develop _____, or a sense of responsibility toward their patients
agency
102
Benner’s model provides three aspects of changes:
Movement from reliance on abstract principles to experiences
Movement from seeing all pieces of a situation to seeing the whole
Movement from the observer to the doer
103
Benner also classifies the many competencies of expert nurses into seven practice domains:
The helping role
The teaching-coaching function
The diagnostic and patient-monitoring function
Effective management of changing situations
Administering and monitoring interventions
Monitoring the quality of health care practices
Organizational and work-role competencies
104
Benner also classifies the many competencies of expert nurses into seven practice domains: The h____ role
helping
105
Benner also classifies the many competencies of expert nurses into seven practice domains: The teaching-____ function
coaching
106
Benner also classifies the many competencies of expert nurses into seven practice domains: The diagnostic and _____-monitoring function
patient
107
Benner also classifies the many competencies of expert nurses into seven practice domains: Effective management of
changing situations
108
Benner also classifies the many competencies of expert nurses into seven practice domains: Administering and monitoring
interventions
109
Benner also classifies the many competencies of expert nurses into seven practice domains: Monitoring the quality of
health care practices
110
Benner also classifies the many competencies of expert nurses into seven practice domains: _____ and ___-role competencies
Organizational and work-role competencies
111
Benner’s model, none of the domains or competencies has a specific
beginning or end
112
Brenner: the nurse moves in and out of the patient relationship at whatever
place best meets the patient’s need
113
Brenner: Unlike linear models, this model is
situation-based and interpretive.
114
Brenner: expertise includes not just clinical skill, but also
feeling, sensing, and thinking
115
Brenner: The novice-to-expert model has been used: In the creation of ____ programs
mentorship
116
Brenner: The novice-to-expert model has been used: To develop career ladders and guide
practice in field settings
117
Brenner: The novice-to-expert model has been used: In the implementation of __-based clinical decision support systems
IT
118
Brenner: The novice-to-expert model has been used: To develop nursing curricula, evaluate nursing faculty, and help APNs engage in
self-assessment
119
Watson: included the following major concepts:
```
the caring occasion
the transpersonal nature of caring
the 10 carative factors,
phenomenal fields,
the influence of time (past, present, and future)
and human growth
```
120
Watson: the ____ occasion
the caring occasion
121
Watson: the _____ nature of caring
the transpersonal nature of caring
122
Watson: the 10 ____ factors
the 10 carative factors,
123
Watson: _____ fields
phenomenal fields
124
Watson: the influence of ____
the influence of time (past, present, and future)
125
Watson: human ____
and human growth
126
Watson: A ____ ____ is said to occur whenever a nurse and another person come together with their unique subjective realities and seek to connect in the present.
caring occasion
127
Watson: At that time, if certain _____ ____ are present, a transpersonal relationship develops, and the nurse and other person are unified in body, mind, and spirit.
carative factors
128
Watson: Through this _____ ____, both individuals grow, learn, and develop—each in his or her own way.
transpersonal relationship
129
Watson: updated her theory to incorporate more
spiritual, energy, sacred, philosophical–ethical–moral stuff
130
Watson: The 10 carative factors transition to 10
caritas processes
131
Watson: Caritas comes from the Greek word meaning
cherish
132
Watson: The 10 carative factors highlights the connections between caring, spirituality, and
human love
133
Watson: The caritas field is a conscious healing presence founded on ___ and ___ that profoundly changes the relational experience for nurses and patients
caring and love
134
Watson: When all five caring processes are in place, a variety of relationships benefit:
Nurse to client
Nurse to nurse
Nurse to self
In addition, positive patient outcomes result and patients feel more satisfied.
135
Giger and Davidhizar Model: focuses on the assessment and intervention from a _____ nursing perspective
transcultural
136
Giger and Davidhizar Model: has been used in education, practice, administration and
research
137
Giger and Davidhizar Model: The six areas explored in the model are CSSTEB
communication, space, social orientation, time, environmental control, and biological variations.
138
Praxis OS: provides a way to conceptualize emotional responses to
illness and death.
139
Praxis OS: The praxis part of the praxis theory of suffering refers to
pragmatic interventions—the nursing strategies that ease and relieve the suffering.
140
Praxis OS: What the patient and family feel is evident in their
behavior
141
Praxis OS: Nurses can learn how to read cues from the ____ and ____ and respond appropriately with pragmatic interventions.
patient and family
142
Praxis OS: theory of suffering has been developed from a synthesis of
three decades of qualitative studies.
143
Praxis OS: States that there are two primary behavioral states in suffering:
Enduring (emotions are suppressed)
| Emotional (emotions are released)
144
Praxis OS: States that there are two primary behavioral states in suffering: Enduring (emotions are ______)
suppressed
145
Praxis OS: States that there are two primary behavioral states in suffering: Emotional (emotions are _____)
released
146
Praxis OS: States that a suffering individual exits the suffering state as the
reformulated self, with a new perspective on life
147
Praxis OS: The praxis theory is a state theory: Suffering is an emotional experience; emotion is reflected in, and evidenced in,
the suffering person’s behavior.
148
Praxis OS: Suffering is a
basic human response to a threat to one’s physical or psychosocial integrity.
149
Praxis OS: The goal of suffering is to
protect one’s self
150
Praxis OS: Enduring is defined as a
response to the actual or threatened loss that causes feelings of chaos.
151
Praxis OS: The chaotic event is unavoidable, incomprehensible, and, if anticipated,
dreaded
152
Praxis OS: In response to the chaos, the person
shuts down, allowing the person to last through the threat to self.
153
Praxis OS: Attributes of enduring include: Maintaining control of
self
154
Praxis OS: Attributes of enduring include: Living in the
present moment
155
Praxis OS: Attributes of enduring include: Removing oneself from
the situation
156
Praxis OS: Attributes of enduring include: Being aware of the
danger emotional disintegration
157
Praxis OS: When assessed using Ekman’s EMFACS, the suppressed emotion gives the face
a blank appearance.
158
Praxis OS: When enduring, people use escapes which are strategies or actions that
occupy them so they do not have to think about the situation.
159
Praxis OS: Enduring does not lead to an
out-of-control state.
160
Praxis OS: Styles of enduring differ according to: RCC
role expectations
culturally sanctioned behaviors
context
161
Praxis OS: The suppressed energy from enduring can break through as
explosive anger or laughter.
162
Praxis OS: The transition from enduring to emotional suffering is usually
deliberate and can be resisted by “fighting” the resisted emotions.
163
Praxis OS: Degrees of enduring include: Scared
Patients are quiet
164
Praxis OS: Degrees of enduring include: Anxious
Patients are hyperverbal
165
Praxis OS: Degrees of enduring include: Frightened
Patients complain, beg, and ask questions in a rapid manner or make repeated requests
166
Praxis OS: Degrees of enduring include: Terrified
Patients use short sentences and phrases
167
Praxis OS: Degrees of enduring include: out of control
Patients are hysterical and not coherent
168
Praxis OS: Emotional suffering occurs when an individual acknowledges the
actuality of the loss.
169
Praxis OS: During emotional suffering, the emotional resources cannot be controlled and become
despair
170
Praxis OS: Escapes such as watching TV or sleeping are used to
dull the pain
171
Praxis OS: Emotional suffering is often recognized on an individual’s
face
172
Praxis OS: Individuals can move from enduring to suffering, and
back to enduring
173
Praxis OS: Once the sufferer has been able to accept what has happened and envision a new future,
hope seeps in.
174
Praxis OS: Studies show that those who are dying maintain a state of
enduring and do not emotionally suffer.
175
Praxis OS: When the person is enduring, the nurse should
support enduring behaviors.
176
Praxis OS: When the person is suffering, the person should be
comforted
177
Praxis OS: Comfort
Incorporates the caring focus of nursing and a comforting action or task
178
Praxis OS: Comforting is a process that occurs with
repeated interactions and within a developing relationship.
179
Praxis OS: Comforting continues until it is
no longer needed or demanded by the patient
180
Praxis OS: the goal of nursing is
Responding to suffering by making the patient comfortable
181
Praxis OS: The comforting interaction comprises:
- the patient cue
- the cue observed by the nurse
- the nurse’s assessment of the patient and provision of a comfort strategy
182
Praxis OS: The comforting interaction is ____ led.
patient
183
Praxis OS: In a trauma situation, comfort includes
touching, talking, posturing, and being available to the patient.
184
Praxis OS: comfort level is a dynamic continuum, and patients fall between
complete relinquishment and forced relinquishment.
185
Praxis OS: The patient does not immediately move to complete relinquishment, unless
the patient’s needs are great and life threatening.
186
Praxis OS: Nursing is just beginning to develop a solid theoretical base for
providing comfort
187
Praxis OS: More research is needed on the different states of
enduring
188
Praxis OS: This model is patient led and can be used in ___ setting
any
189
Praxis OS: Comforting strategies available to nursing are
numerous,
Some strategies are present in everyday action as we console or commiserate.
Some strategies are standardized as a part of excellent nursing care, such as a back rub, position change, or bed bath.
Other strategies are used thoughtfully and with care, such as administering an analgesic.
190
Praxis OS: The praxis theory of suffering links a myriad of patients’ emotional states with
comforting strategies.
191
"Conceptual models” refer to the very ____ and general work from which theories are derived.
abstract
192
A theory is made up of ____ and ____ about a phenomenon
concepts and propositions
193
concept is a word or phrase that capture the essence of something while a ______ is a statement about one or more concepts.
proposition
194
The term “theory” is used to refer to works that are diverse in their level of abstraction, range, and specificity, though in advanced practice nursing it is most often used to discuss
middle-range theory
195
Most theory concepts are not directly observable and must be connected to a real-world proxy known as an
“empirical indicator.”
196
Theory development is the product of ____, which is a systematic process of inquiry.
research
197
Every study is explicitly or implicitly designed to develop a _____ by means of generating a new theory or testing an existing theory.
theory
198
A Conceptual-Theoretical-Empirical (C-T-E) structure provides a framework for
logical reasoning for a study.
199
A C-T-E structure is made up of three components:
conceptual model
theory
Empirical indicators
200
The most important aspect of creating C-T-E structures for theory testing is the linkage of a
conceptual model to a theory.
201
Advanced practice nurses often find greater success in theory development when
forming partnerships with nurse researchers.
202
C-T-E structures must be constructed for
systematic theory generation and theory testing.
203
Structures are evaluated using a clearly defined set of
criteria
204
Translating theories into evidence-based tools and protocols follows a seven-step sequence:
–Identifying a practice problem
–Asking questions about the problem (PICOT)
–Searching for literature about the problem
–Critically evaluating the literature
–Integrating the literature with elements of evidence-based tools
–Evaluating the action of the theory in practice
–Disseminating evaluation results
205
Translating theories into evidence-based tools and protocols follows a seven-step sequence: –Identifying a ____ p____
practice problem
206
Translating theories into evidence-based tools and protocols follows a seven-step sequence: –Asking questions about the _____
problem (PICOT)
207
Translating theories into evidence-based tools and protocols follows a seven-step sequence: –Searching for
literature about the problem
208
Translating theories into evidence-based tools and protocols follows a seven-step sequence: –Critically evaluating the
literature
209
Translating theories into evidence-based tools and protocols follows a seven-step sequence: –Integrating the literature with elements of
evidence-based tools
210
Translating theories into evidence-based tools and protocols follows a seven-step sequence: –Evaluating the
action of the theory in practice
211
Translating theories into evidence-based tools and protocols follows a seven-step sequence: –Disseminating
evaluation results
212
PICOT
```
P Patient population
I Intervention or area of Interest
C Group comparisons
O desired outcome
T Time
```
213
A theory-practice gap exists because
theories are typically thought of as formulations that are not relevant to practice.
214
Evidence-based nursing is actually the deliberate and critical
use of theories.
215
Translational research helps transform
research findings into practical actions.
216
Translational research is the process used to determine which
conditions, costs, and resources are required to progress theory into evidence-based practice.
217
The ultimate goal is decreasing the time required for theories to
be translated into tools and protocols that improve quality of life
218
Interest in translating theory to action has _____ recently.
increased
219
All nurses should be skilled in reviewing and evaluating current findings to determine if they are
applicable to their practice setting.
220
Evaluation is important for determining whether or not a theory is _____ adequate.
pragmatically
221
Advanced practice nurses should be leaders in evaluating, translating, and helping others
utilize theories.
