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A & P 1 > Chapter 3 - Cellular Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

2 Types of cells

A

somatic and sex

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2
Q

Cell membrane

A

physical barrier, and provides structural support

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3
Q

Membrane Structure

A

a phospholipid bilayer that keeps the composition inside and outside the cell different. A very selective hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

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4
Q

Membrane Proteins

A

Anchor one cell to another, recognize neighboring cells, enzymes, hormone receptors, carrier proteins, channels, and electron transferers.

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5
Q

Peripheral proteins

A

attached to the inner or outer surface of the membrane

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6
Q

Integral proteins

A

part of the membrane structure

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7
Q

Membrane Permability

A

passive - movement without energy; active - movement what requires energy, usually ATP.

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8
Q

Diffusion

A

Passive; involved distance, size, temperature. Movement direction depends on concentration

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9
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water that goes from an area of higher concentration to a lower concentration. It involves pressure called osmotic pressure.

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10
Q

Isotonic

A

The concentration in an d out of the cell is the same

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11
Q

Hypotonic

A

Higher concentration outside the cell, water toxification.

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12
Q

Hypertonic

A

Higher concentration inside the cell, dehydration

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13
Q

Filtration

A

movement across a membrane, that depends on pressure and size of pores in that membrane

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14
Q

Facilitated Transport

A

Carrier proteins transport solutes, channel proteins

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15
Q

Active Transport

A

Uses energy, important in transporting ions, ex: the sodium/potassium pump.

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16
Q

Endocytosis

A

Substances are imported into the cell.

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17
Q

Pinocytosis

A

The cell “gulps” a drop of extracellular fluid with solutes into vesicles.

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18
Q

Receptor Mediated Endocytosis

A

substances bind to receptor proteins enabling the cell to ingest specific substances in protein coated vesicles.

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19
Q

Phagocytosis

A

the cell engulfs a large particle by forming projectile pseudopods around it and enclosing it in a membrane

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20
Q

Exocytosis

A

Substances are exported from the cell

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21
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Material found in the cell but outside the nucleus, high in K+, low in Na+, water, high in proteins and lipids, low in carbohydrates.

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22
Q

Microfilaments

A

Protein strands mostly actin,they are involved in cell motility. Found in muscle cells and mobile cells

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23
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

provide support to help maintain the shape of a cell. tough insoluble protein fibers constructed like woven ropes

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24
Q

Thick filaments

A

Bundles of myacin protein subunits, found only in muscle cells

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25
Q

Microtubules

A

found in all cells, has the protein tubulin forming the primary components of the cytoskeleton. Gives cell strength, helps anchor cells and major organelles, and is involved in cell division.

26
Q

Microvilli

A

Projections of the cell membrane that increase the surface area

27
Q

Centrioles

A

Barrel shaped; composed of microtubules found in 9 groups of 3. Found in cells that divide forming the spindle apparatus

28
Q

Centrosome

A

cytoplasm surrounding the centrioles

29
Q

Cilia

A

9 pairs of microtubules forming very short projections whose sole purpose is to move matrial over the surface of the cel.

30
Q

Flagella

A

Long projection made of microtubules that moves the cell, ex: sperm

31
Q

Ribosomes

A

Assemble amino acids into proteins. Free - floating through the cytoplasm. Fixed - attached to the rough edoplasmic reticulum.

32
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double membranes organelle that produces energy (ATP) from carbohydrates, especially glucose.

33
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Intracellular membranes connected to the nuclear envelope.

34
Q

Smooth ER

A

Synthesize lipids, steroid hormones, glycerides, and glycogen. Detoxification of drugs and toxins. Storage of calcium and large molecules.

35
Q

Rough ER

A

Outer surface has ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized then transferred to the golgi apparatus and into the transport vesicles.

36
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Flattened discs called saccules. Most stacks lie near the nucleus and the ER because of the necessary communication. Synthesize and package proteins and secretions for exocytosis and for the cytosol.

37
Q

Lysosomes

A

Vesicles from the golgi apparatus containing enzymes. they break down food, debris, and bacteria. they also break down bone to release calcium.

38
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Smaller than lysosomes, carry different enzymes and derive from the ER. They’re most abundant in liver cells because they either remove or neutralize toxins. They oxidize free radicals.

39
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center of the cell

40
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

A phospholipid double membrane separated by a perinuclear space. Made up of nucleoplasm and nuclear matrix

41
Q

DNA

A

contains hereditary information; found in the chromosome. Wrapped around proteins called histones, forming a complex known as a nucleosome. When DNA is not dividing, it is in thread-like strands called chromatin

42
Q

Nucleoli

A

Nuclear organelles that synthesize ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

43
Q

Genetic Code

A

The triplet code; consists of 3 bases, each gene contains all triples needed to produce a certain protein

44
Q

Transcripltion

A

transfer of information from a DNA base sequence to the complementary base sequence of an mRNA molecule. Happens in the Nucleus

45
Q

Initiation

A

DNA unwinds and content segment is exposed

46
Q

Elongation

A

RNA polymerase tracels along DNA strand, moving from triplet to triplet. Making a mRNA strand.

47
Q

Termination

A

At a stop signal, transcription ends, mRNA is edited to get rid of introns and enters the cytoplasm

48
Q

Translation

A

The language of nuclei acids is translated into the language of proteins. In the cytoplasm

49
Q

Translation Sequence

A
  1. mRNA bings to the light ribosomal unit and scans for the strat codon (AUG)
  2. Anticodon is brought by the tRNA (UAC) and the heavy ribosomal unit attaches to the light leaving the mRNA to slip throught the gap in the two.
  3. Enzyme breaks the link between the tRNA and its animo acid in the P-site.
  4. The amino acid is bonded to another one the next one by a peptide bond.
  5. Continues until the mRNA reaches a stop codon (UGA, UAA, UAG)
50
Q

Polyribosomes

A

a series of ribosomes attached to the same mRNA strand producing many proteins at the same time.

51
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell divisiton producint gametes or sex cells

52
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division producing clones. Essential for growth and tissue repair. Continuous in some tissue, like the skin, intestinal tissue. None in the nerve tissue, skeltal muscle, or cardiac muscle.

53
Q

Interphase

A

G0) The cell is not dividing, not in mitosis, normal cell function.
G1) Manufacturing material that is needed to divide, centriole replication begins.
S) chromosomes duplicate
G2) More preparation for division, protein synthesis, centriole replication is completed.

54
Q

Prophase

A

Early) Two copies of each chromosome with a centromere in the middle surrounded by a protein complex called kinetochore. Nuclear envelope fragments and centrioles move to opposite poles with spindle fibers in between.
Late) Nuclear envelope disappears

55
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromatids are moving towards the middle

56
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres of the chormosomes split. Each chromatid becomes a chromosome. Cytokinesis begins very late in this phase. Shortest phase.

57
Q

Telophase

A

Begins when the choromosome movement stops. They uncoil to form chromatin. New nuclear envelope forms, nucleoli reappear, spindle disappears. Cytokineses with full division of cytoplasm is completed

58
Q

Differentiation

A

The process of forming specialized cells and tissues

59
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Adjacent integral proteins that fuze the cells. Prevent liquids and most molecules from moving between the cells

60
Q

Desmososmes

A

Transmembrane proteins that rivot the cells together at the plasma membranes cementing them together, making them very strong. Found in skin layers and cardiac muscle.

61
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Channel proteins forming pores, connexons, allowing small molecules/ions to move the cell to cell. Important in cardiac muscle and smooth muscle because it moves the action potential.

A & P 1 (10 decks)

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