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A & P 1 > Chapter 8 - Articulations > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Articulations Flashcards

1
Q

Synarthroses

A

Immovable joints

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2
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

Slightly movable joints

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3
Q

Diarthroses

A

Freely movable joints

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4
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

Held together by tough fibrous non-elastic tissue. Lock a joint cavity and provide little or no movement. 3 types: sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses.

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5
Q

Sutures

A

Found only in between membranous bones of the skull. Bones have irregular edges that interlock, leaving a small space which is filled by dense fibrous connective tissue. Allow for growth in youth.

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6
Q

Syndesmoses

A

Bones are connected by a ligament with much longer fibers. The amount of movement varies with type and length of fiber.

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7
Q

Gomphoses

A

A fibrous joint that connects the tooth to the bony alveolar sockets of the skull, and immovable joint.

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8
Q

Cartilagenous Joints

A

Bones are connected by cartilage, no joint cavity, little mobility.

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9
Q

Synchondroses

A

Bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Almost always synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic. Ex: epiphyseal plate.

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10
Q

Symphysis

A

Bones are joined by a pad of fibrocartilage. The articular surfaces are covered by articular (hyaline) cartilage. Joints are reinforced by ligaments which give them strength. Are slightly moveable, give cushioning from impact.

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11
Q

Synovial Joints

A

Most widely distributed and most complex. Bones usually meet inside a fluid filled capsule

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12
Q

Articular Capsule

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue continuous with the periosteum of bones. Reinforced by ligaments, it contains fluid, and physically holds the bones together.

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13
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

A thin layer of hyaline or fibrocartilage. It covers the articular ends of the bone, it makes the ends very smooth which greatly reduces friction.

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14
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

Lines the articular capsule, produces synovial fluid.

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15
Q

Synovial Fluid

A

Slippery, viscous fluid. Consists of plasma and hyaluronic acid. If functions to protect, lubricate, and deliver nutrients.

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16
Q

Synovial Bursae

A

Connective tissue flat sacs, lined by the synovial membrane. Usually found between muscles and tendons and bones that rub against each other. Main function is to reduce friction.

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17
Q

Tendon Sheaths

A

Resemble a tubular, elongated synovial bursa. Wrap around large tendons that must move a long distance or that are under a large amount of pressure. They reduce friction.

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18
Q

Capsular Ligaments

A

Intrinsic, found within a capusle

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19
Q

Extracapsular Ligaments

A

Found outside of the capsule

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20
Q

Intracapsular Ligaments

A

Deep, deep inside the capsule. Covered by synovial membrane.

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21
Q

Factors Influencing Stability:

Articular Surfaces

A

Plays a minimal role, unless in a large socked.

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22
Q

Factors Influencing Stability:

Ligaments

A

Help direct movement and prevent undesirable movement. Play a minimal role, but the more ligaments present, the more stabilizing.

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23
Q

Factors Influencing Stability:

Muscle Tone

A

The major stabilizing factor. Very important in knee, shoulder, and arches of feet.

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24
Q

Uniaxial Synovial Joint

A

Permit movement in one plane only. 2 basic types hinge and pivot joints

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25
Q

Hinge Joints

A

Single transverse axis, like a door. Ex: elbow, knee, interphalangeal.

26
Q

Pivot Joints

A

Single axis, the long axis of the bones. Ed: Radioulnar joint.

27
Q

Biaxial Joints

A

Permit movement in two planes. 2 types condyloid and saddle

28
Q

Condyloid Joints

A

The articular surface of one bones is convex and the other is concave. Allow for angular movement. Ex: Metacarpophalangeal joints.

29
Q

Saddle Joints

A

Unique joint. Found in the carpal metacarpal joints of the thumb. The articular surface is saddle-shaped. Allows for opposable thumb.

30
Q

Multiaxial Joints

A

Universal joints, they permit movement in many planes. Only one type, ball and socket

31
Q

Ball & Socket Joints

A

One bone has a ball that fits into a cup shaped depression on the other bone. Ex: Hips and shoulders.

32
Q

Nonaxial Joints

A

One flat, or nearly flat, bone slipping over another. Permits a light sliding movement in several different directions.

33
Q

Angular Joints

A

Between two bones, it either increases or decreases the angle between the bones.

34
Q

Flexion

A

Decreasing the angle between two bones.

35
Q

Rotation

A

A turning movement

36
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Flexion of the ankle

37
Q

Extension

A

Increasing the angle between two bones

38
Q

Supination

A

Rotation of the hand so that the palm is face up

39
Q

Pronation

A

Rotation of the hand so that the palm is face down

40
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the midline

41
Q

Adduction

A

Movement toward the midline

42
Q

Circumduction

A

Rotation of a limb so that a cone is circumscribed

43
Q

Inversion

A

Medial movement of the food

44
Q

Protraction

A

Thrusting the mandible forward

45
Q

Retraction

A

Moving the mandible backwards

46
Q

Elevation

A

Lifting a body part as the the jaw in chewing

47
Q

Depression

A

Lowering a body part as the jaw in chewing

48
Q

Opposition

A

Movement of the thumb to oppose the fingers

49
Q

Tempro-mandibular Joint

A

Has two joint cavities. Allows for typical hinge movement, opening and closing, and for protraction-retraction, and lateral movement.

50
Q

Elbow Joint

A

Joint forms a hinge with the humerus through the trochlea of the ulna. The radius pivots with the ulna. The radius isn’t involved in the extension/flexion of the elbow, but rotates with a ligament to provide pronation/supination of the forearm.

51
Q

Hip Joint

A

The socket has an extremely deep socket and is reinforced by internal ligaments that connect the head of the femur to the os coxae. The joint is extremely strong, the strongest of the synovial joints.

52
Q

Knee Joint

A

Hinge joint with relatively flat articulating cartilages. Because of the flatness of the joining bones, the joint depends entirely upon ligaments to prevent lateral movement. It is the most vulnerable joint in the body as for as damage is concerned. The most complex joint in the body.

53
Q

Dislocation

A

Displacement of the articular surfaces. More common where the articular surfaces don’t lock. Causes damage to the surrounding tissue.

54
Q

Sprain

A

Involved damaged ligaments. Either torn or stretched. Results from twisting. Because ligaments are poorly vascularized, they heal slowly. They may repair themselves, if not surgery is necessary.

55
Q

Cartilage Injuries

A

Most involve the knee menisci (semilunar cartilage) which are avascular and only rarely can repair themselves

56
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

Degenarition of joints resulting in the fusion of bones. Created a complete loss of mobility, usually affects people over 40. Inflammation of the synovial membrane forms a pannus that clings and destroys the cartilage, ossifiying fibrous tissue and causing crippling.

57
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Most common, also degenerative, wear and tear on overworked joints. Related to aging. Treated by activity, pain medication, and glucosamine. More prominent in women than men.

58
Q

Arthritis

A

Degenerative disease which includes a number of different diseases all involving the inflammation of the joints, swelling, and painful movement of joint. More than 100 types.

59
Q

Gouty Arthritis

A

Uric acid builds up in the joints. Most common in men, typically the big toe.

60
Q

Lyme Disease

A

Bacteria transmitted by ticks that live on deer and mice. Flu-like symptoms, disorientation, joint pain, arthritis. Early on can be treated with antibiotics.

61
Q

Tendonitis

A

Inflammation of the tendon sheaths. Caused by overuse.

62
Q

Bursitis

A

Bursae become inflamed, swell and cause pain. Caused by excessive stress of friction.

A & P 1 (10 decks)

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