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A & P 1 > The Sensory System > Flashcards

The Sensory System Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory Unit

A

Components necessary for sensation.

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2
Q

Receptor

A

Converts the environment change into action potentials

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3
Q

Neural Pathways

A

Conducts the APs from the sensory receptor to the interpreting centers of the brain.

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4
Q

Specific Route

A

Is precise, straight through from a single receptor

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5
Q

Non-specific Route

A

Input from many types of receptors

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6
Q

Exteroceptors

A

Respond to changes in the external environment

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7
Q

Visceroceptors (Enteroceptors)

A

Respond to changes within the body

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8
Q

Proprioreceptors

A

Respond to information about body position or movement

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9
Q

Transducers

A

Convert one type of energy to a different type of energy

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10
Q

Adaptation

A

A constant level stimulus results in a reduction in sensitivity

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11
Q

Peripheral Adaptation

A

The receptor or sensory neuron reduces the level of activity

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12
Q

Central Adaptation

A

Involves the CNS, the sensors respond, but the CNS centers do not respond.

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13
Q

Specificity (Law of specific energies)

A

Each receptor has a specific type of energy to which it responds best.

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14
Q

General (cutaneous) senses

A

Senses largely associated with the skin although pain and temperature receptors are located in other areas as well. Embedded in the skin and detect changes in the external environment.

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15
Q

Encapsulated Nerve Ending

A

Nerve ending with one or morel layers of membranes surrounding it.

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16
Q

Nerve Endings Associated With Touch

A

Meissner’s corpuscles, Merkel’s disks, and the end of organs of Ruffini.

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17
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle

A

Detect pressure and vibrations

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18
Q

Free Nerve Endings:

Pain Reception

A

Nociceptors, respond to anything that may cause tissue damage.

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19
Q

Free Nerve Endings:

Touch

A

Certain free endings wrap around a hair shaft forming a sensitive lever system for touch.

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20
Q

Free Nerve Endings:

Temperature

A

It’s thought that certain populations of nerve endings can detect temperature

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21
Q

Neural Pathways of the Cutaneous Receptors

A

A chain of three neurons, which cross over from one side of the nervous system to the other. Consequently, cutaneous sensation from the right side of the body is interpreted by the left side of the brain.

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22
Q

Proprioreceptors

A

Receptors which provide information as to the status of the muscles in terms of contraction and the position of the body.

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23
Q

Tendon Receptors

A

Detect the amount of contraction, measured by the stretch of the tendon

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24
Q

Muscle Spindle

A

Inside the muscle, parallel to the fibers. Detects the amount of relaxation

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25
Q

Joint Receptors

A

Measure the angle of the joint and therefore permit knowledge of limb positions. This is the only one that works at a conscious level.

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26
Q

Taste and Smell Senses

A

Chemical senses, respond to chemicals in the environment.

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27
Q

Taste buds

A

Receptors located in mounds of tissue on the tongue. Each has a gustatory pore and microvilli. Are replaced every 10 days

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28
Q

Gustatory Pore

A

Permits the saliva containing the dissolved particles to enter the bud and come in contact with the sensory cells which are then activated.

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29
Q

Taste receptros respond to:

A

5 classes of chemicals: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami.

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30
Q

Taste

A

A result of taste receptors, olfactory, receptors, and touch receptors.

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31
Q

Sense of Smell

A

Respond to thousands of different odors. The cells are very sensitive and can detect very low amount of molecules as long as they are in the gaseous state.

32
Q

Smell sensory cells

A

Embedded in stratified epithelium about 1 in squared with one section in each nostril. Part of it is on the septum, the other part is on the lateral wall.

33
Q

Smell Adaptation

A

The olfactory receptors adapt readily. More readily than any other type of receptor.

34
Q

Three Layers of the Eye

A

1) Sclera
2) Choroid Layer
3) Retina

35
Q

Sclera

A

Tough outer layer made of white connection tissue. Has a curved, clear portion, the cornea, Is covererd by a mucus membrane, the conjunctiva. Where the muscles are attached.

36
Q

Anterior Chamber of the Sclera

A

The cavity behind the cornea, but in front of the iris.

37
Q

Posterior chamber of the Sclera

A

Behind the iris, but in front of the lens.

38
Q

Aqueous Humor

A

An aqueous fluid which nourishes the lens and the cornea and keeps the proper intraocular pressure.

39
Q

Choroid Layer

A

The middle layer, heavily pigmented and full of blood vessels

40
Q

Ciliary Body

A

A muscular ring, which suspends the lens from the edges of it’s center hole. The contraction of this body is what changes the shape of the lens and the focus of the eye

41
Q

Iris

A

A muscular structure with a hole in the center known as the pupil. Contraction of it’s muscles changes the size of the pupil , and therefore the amount of light that enters the eye. It also gives the eye it’s color.

42
Q

Lens

A

A transparent structure enclosed in an elastic membrane. Along with the cornea, it is responsible for proper eye focus.

43
Q

Vitreous bod

A

Has a jelly-like fluid which fills the vitreous cavity behind the lens.

44
Q

Retina

A

The 3rd layer of the eye. Consists of 3 layers.

1) Photoreceptors - rods and cones
2) Bipolar neurons
3) Ganglion cells

45
Q

Optic Disk

A

A spot where the optic nerves converge and exit the eye. There are no receptor cells and therefore a blind spot

46
Q

Rods

A

a) Used in black and white vision only
b) Function in low light only
c) Serve in low acuity vision only

47
Q

Cones

A

a) Responsible for color perception (red, green, blue)
b) Active in bright light only
c) Serve in high acuity or detailed vision only.

48
Q

Dark Adaptation

A

It takes about 30 minutes of darkness for all the rhodopsin to regenerate from being bleached and for the eyes to become dark adapted.

49
Q

Eyebrows and Eyelashes

A

There for protection, it’s important to blink the eye every 3-7 seconds to moisten the eye.

50
Q

Extrinsic Muscles

A 
Superior Rectus
Inferior Rectus
Lateral Rectus
Medial Rectus
Superior Oblique
Inferior Oblique
51
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus

A

Produces and drains tears

52
Q

Tears

A

A fluid produced by lacrimal glands. Contain Igs, lysozymes, and a dilute saline solution

53
Q

Ear

A

The organ which is the site of both equilibrium and sound detection.

54
Q

3 Ear Regions

A

Outer
Middle
Inner

55
Q

Outer Ear

A

Ear flat which extends to the tympanic membrane. Contains wax and hair for protection.

56
Q

Middle Ear

A

The tympanic membrane and the air filled cavity behind it. Contains the ear ossicles, the malleus, incus, and stapes.

57
Q

Inner Ear

A

Includes the vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea.

58
Q

Cochlea

A

The auditory portion, it resembles a snail shell. It’s divided into 3 chambers.

59
Q

Organ of Corti

A

Located on the basilar membrane of the scala media. Hairs located on this structure bend and produce action potentials that are perceived as sound.

60
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

Three of them, located at right angles to each other. They detect movement and play a key role in dynamic equilibrium.

61
Q

Vestibule

A

consists of the uticle and the saccule. Contains otoliths which are responsible for static equilibrium.

62
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness. Able to see close up but not at a distance. The eyeball is too long, so the image is focused in front of the retina. It can be corrected by a concave lens.

63
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness. Able to see well at a distance, but not close up. The eyeball is too short, so the image is focused behind the retina. It can be corrected by a convex lens

64
Q

Presbyoptia

A

Farsightedness in old age. The lens loses it’s elasticity, happens around 40-50 yrs old.

65
Q

Astigmatism

A

Unequal thickness in the cornea or lens. Can be corrected by special cylindrical lenses

66
Q

Glaucoma

A

Results from abnormally high pressure in the eye due to the failure of the aqueous humor to drain properly. Can lead to blindness

67
Q

Cataracts

A

Clouding over the lens, it can become opaque. Due to the breakdown of the capsule of the lens.

68
Q

Deafness

A

This is a lack of hearing or at least a significant loss of hearing.

69
Q

Sensorineural Deafness

A

Impairment of the cochlea, some component of the neural pathway, or the interpreting center of the brain.

70
Q

Conduction Deafness

A

There is a problem in the middle ear.

71
Q

Vertigo

A

Sensation of motion. Due to inner ear disturbances, a central nerve disorder or may be psychogenic.

72
Q

Motion Sickness

A

Seems to be a mismatch in the equilibrium information. Eyes fix on a position and give information, but the ear gives different information, the conflict between the eye and the ear is the motion sickness

73
Q

Dementia

A

State of consciousness characterized by difficulties of spacial orientation, memory, language, and changes in personality.

74
Q

Night Blindness

A

Due to a vitamin A deficiency. There is a degeneration of rods.

75
Q

Parkinsons

A

Inadequate dopamine levels in the brain.

76
Q

Pathway of Sound Through the Ear

A

Tympanic Membrane —-> Malleus —-> Incus—-> Stapes —-> Oval Window —-> Perilymph —-> Vestibular Membrane —-> Endolymph —-> Hair cells of the organ of Corti.

A & P 1 (10 decks)

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