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NBB Test 2 > Visual System 1 > Flashcards

Visual System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Brings visual fields from the eye to the primary visual cortex

A

Visual System (In occipital lobe)

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2
Q

Goldman perimetry test of visual fields shows that larger and brighter objects have larger

A

Visual Fields

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3
Q

Are always named by the part of the visual field lost and not by the part of the retina that is damaged

A

Visual field defect (scotoma and anopia)

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4
Q

Relatively small visual loss

A

Scotoma

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5
Q

Relatively large visual loss, usually the whole eye visual field

A

Anopia (anopsia)

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6
Q

Both eyes open during visual field testing can mask a deficit because of

A

Binocular Vision

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7
Q

Temporal retinas receive information from

A

Nasal hemifields

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8
Q

Nasal retinas receive information from

A

Temporal hemifields

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9
Q

A cause for complete lesion of the optic nerve is

-Rare

A

Occlusion of central artery of retina

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10
Q

Provide myelin for the optic nerve

-affected in MS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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11
Q

Similar to the brain, the optic nerve has

A

Meninges (dura, arachnoid, and pia)

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12
Q

Axons from the nasal halfs of the retina (from the temporal visual hemifields) will

A

Cross at optic chiams

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13
Q

Axons from the temporal halfs of the retina (from the nasal hemifields) will

A

NOT cross at optic chiasm

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14
Q

The right optic tract has all the visual information from the

A

Left

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15
Q

The left optic tract has all the visual information from the

A

Right

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16
Q

The optic tract has axons from the

A

Ipsilateral temporal retina and contralateral nasal retina

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17
Q

The optic tract carries visual field information from the

A

Ipsilateral nasal field and contralateral temporal field

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18
Q

The major destination of the optic tract is the

A

Lateral Geniculate nucleus (90%)

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19
Q

The remaining 10% of optic tract axons will go to one of which three areas?

A
  1. ) Hypothalamus (via suprachiastamtic n.)
  2. ) Pretectum
  3. ) Superior Colliculus
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20
Q

Responsible for the influence of light over the neuroendocrine functions and over the sleep/wake cycle through the pineal gland

A

Axons from the retina to the hypothalamus via the suprachiastamtic n.

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21
Q

Responsivle for the pupillary light and accommodation reflexes

A

Axons from retina to pretectum

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22
Q

Responsible for coordinating vision with other sensory inputs

A

Axons from retina to superior colliculus

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23
Q

Allows us to follow visual subjects clearly

-Responsible for visual motor reflexes

A

Axons from retina to superior colliculus

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24
Q

The thalamic nucleus for the visual system

A

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)

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25
Q

Has cell bodies organized in layers

A

The lateral Geniculate Nucleus

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26
Q

Each layer of the LGN receives on portion of the visual fields from

A

Each eye

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27
Q

LGN axons form the

A

Optic radiations

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28
Q

LGN axons form the optic radiations and synapse in the

A

Primary visual cortex

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29
Q

The left side of the world (both left visual fields) ends up in the

A

Right primary visual cortex

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30
Q

The right side of the world (both right visual fields) ends up in the

A

Left primary visual cortex

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31
Q

Is placed on the medial side of the occipital lobe

A

Primary visual cortex

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32
Q

Partial optic chiasm lesions result in

A

Bitemporal superior or inferior heteronymous quadrantanopia

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33
Q

What is a cause of partial optic chiasm lesion?

A

Pituitary tumors (Pituitary adenoma or craniopharyngioma)

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34
Q

Puts pressure on the optic chiasm from below

-begins as superior quadrantonopia

A

Pituitary adenoma

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35
Q

Puts pressure on the optic chiasm from above

-Begins as an inferior quadrantonopia

A

Craniopharyngioma

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36
Q

Occlusion of the superior branch of the right opthalamic artery results in a

A

Mononuclear visual defect

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37
Q

Aneurisms of the internal carotid artery put pressure on the temporal tract of the optic chiasm and cause

A

Nasal hemianopia

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38
Q

Meyer’s loop vision system axons can be found in the

A

Temporal lobe

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39
Q

With lesions before the optic chiasm, deficits are

A

Ipsilateral and monocular

40
Q

With lesions at the optic chiasm, deficits are

A

Binocular, bitemporal, and heteronymous

41
Q

With lesions past the optic chiasm, deficits are

A

Binocular, contralateral, and homonymous

42
Q

Lesions with abnormal pupillary reflex are lesions of the

A

Optic nerve and optic tract

43
Q

Lesions with normal pupillary reflex are lesions of the

A

Optic radiation and visual cortex

44
Q

Axons reaching pretectum will leave before synapse in

A

LNG

45
Q

How can we differentiate optic tract lesions from primary visual cortex lesions?

A

Primary visual cortex lesions will have macular sparing

46
Q

The macular representation is very large in the

A

Primary visual cortex

47
Q

The macular representation is very large in the primary visual cortex and can receive blood supply from the

A

Posterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery

48
Q

Lesions to the occipital pole cause

A

Macular visual field defects

49
Q

A larger region of high visual acuity surrounding the fovea

A

Macula

50
Q

Damage to the macula of the retina occurs in macular degeneration and results in loss of

A

Central Vision

51
Q

Axons from RGCs coalesce and exit the eye through the

A

Optic Disk

52
Q

Glaucoma first effects

A

Peripheral Vision

53
Q

Age related macular degeneration results in

A

Central Blindness

54
Q

Important for nutrients delivery to photoreceptors

A

Pigment Epithelium

55
Q

The part of rods and cones where phototransduction occurs

A

Outer segments of Rods and Cones

56
Q

The pigmented epithelium contains

A

Melatonin

57
Q

The fovea is specialized for realizing

A

What the object is and what color it is

58
Q

The neurotransmitter of all photoreceptors is

A

Glutamate

59
Q

Used when light conditions are very low

A

Rods

60
Q

In response to light, the rod cells

A

Hyperpolarize (dark current is lost)

61
Q

This hyperpolarization results in the diminishment of

A

Neurotransmitter release

62
Q

Photoreceptors do not have aciton potentials so their depolarizations and hyperpolarizations are

A

Graded

63
Q

Turn off when exposed to light

A

Rods

64
Q

The light receptor is

A

“Opsin” with Vitamin A Derivative

65
Q

The light receptor in rods is

A

Rhodopsin

66
Q

The light receptor in cones is

A

Conopsin

67
Q

All light isomerizes 11-cis retinal to

A

All-trans retinal

68
Q

All-trans retinal dissociates from Opsin. Opsin changes conformation and interacts with

A

G-protein

-Signaling cascade starts

69
Q

The G-protein acted upon by the opsin is

A

Transducin

70
Q

Inhibitors of transducin fall off when

A

GDP is converted to GTP

71
Q

This conversion of GDP to GTP results in the activation of

A

Transducin

72
Q

The activated transducin’s then target

A

Phosphodiesterase (PDE)

73
Q

Removes the inhibitor from one or both PDEs

A

Transducin

74
Q

Cleaves cGMP and inactivates it

A

PDE

75
Q

The inner nuclear layer of the retina contains

A

Bipolar cells

76
Q

Bipolar and ganglion cells have receptive fields with a

A

Center-surround (concentric) configuration

77
Q

Are excited by the light in the center

A

On-center cells

78
Q

A inhibited by the light in the center

A

Off-center cells

79
Q

Center light results in less

A

Glutamate

80
Q

How many Rods and cones can synapse on 1 bipolar retinal cell?

A

Up to 50 Rods

Up to 5 cones

81
Q

The inner nuclear layer of the retina also contains horizontal cells that provide

A

Lateral inhibition

82
Q

Under most circumstances, horizontal cells will inhibit which 2 things?

A
  1. ) Photoreceptor hyperpolarization

2. ) Bipolar cell response

83
Q

The primary point of signal compression

A

Horizontal cells

84
Q

Cells in the inner nuclear layer of the retina that provide lateral inhibition, but at the opposite (optic nerve) side than horizontal cells

A

Amacrine cells

85
Q

Intervene between bipolar cells and retinal ganglion cells

A

Amacrine cells

86
Q

Second filter to reconsider what horizontal cells let through

-Secondary point of signal compression

A

Amacrine cells

87
Q

We need to detect boundaries form the background and also shape to figure out

A

Form of an object

88
Q

Very good for spatial resolution but bad for temporal resolution

-enable us to tell form of object

A

Parvocellular Pathway (P-cells)

89
Q

Very good for temporal resolution, but has poor spatial resolution

-Allows us to see motion of an object

A

Magnocellular pathway (M-cells)

90
Q

Have small receptive fields and small caliber axons

-Carry information on shape/form

A

P-cells

91
Q

Have large receptive fields and large caliber axons

-Carry information to the motion detectors

A

M-cells

92
Q

M-cells can’t detect motion themselves, but they relay information to cells that can in the

A

Visual cortex

93
Q

Has to analyze motion, form, color, and depth

A

Primary visual cortex

94
Q

The primary visual cortex is the

A

V1 (area 17: striate cortex)

95
Q

V1 has 6 layers, but the special layer is layer

A

4

96
Q

Layer 4 is special because it is where the massive

A

LGN projections end up

97
Q

Each column in V1 analyzes a small region of the

A

Retina

NBB Test 2 (33 decks)

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