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NBB Test 2 > CNS Response to Injury > Flashcards

CNS Response to Injury Flashcards

1
Q

Occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain

-Can result when the head suddenly and violently hits an object, or when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue

A

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

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2
Q

When the brain slides forward and hits the frontal bone then backwards and hits the parietal bone

A

Coup-Contrecoup

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3
Q

Contrecoup contusions are more frequent than coup contusions in

A

Falls

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4
Q

Diffuse axonal injury can be seen histologically with

A

Beta Amyloid Precursor Protein (BAPP)

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5
Q

Associated with inflammation, gliosis & other pathological responses

A

TBI

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6
Q

The injury site is invaded by astrocytes, forming a

A

Glial Scar

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7
Q

A long-term problem of CNS injury is

A

Inflammation

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8
Q

Repeated sports-related head injuries results in concentrations of

A

Hyper p-tau protein (dark regions)

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9
Q

Hyper p-tau protein concentrations cause

A

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopahty (CTE)

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10
Q

Results in regional cerebral atrophy and can cause cavum septum pellucidum

A

CTE

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11
Q

We can see chronic neurodegeneration after a

A

TBI

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12
Q

A rapid blockage of a cerebral artery

A

Ischemic Stroke

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13
Q

Bursting of a vessel

A

Hemorrhagic stroke

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14
Q

Characterized by sudden numbness or weakness, especially on one side of the body

  • Sudden confusion or trouble speaking or understanding speech
  • Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes
A

Stroke

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15
Q

Both cause cell death due to lack of oxygen and production excytotoxins and free radicals

A

CNS stroke and Severe TBI

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16
Q

Excessive activation of neuronal glutamate receptors by a group of L-glutamate analogs results in

A

Neuronal Damage

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17
Q

Any chemical possessing unpaired electrons

-In biological system these are oxygen radicals

A

Free radicals

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18
Q

Causes loss of muscle and negative nitrogen balance, decreased gluconeogenesis, osteoporosis, increased hepatic lipogenesis, increased lipolysis in adipose tissue, decreased lipoprotein lipase activity in muscle and adipose tissue, cachexia

A

Chronic inflammation

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19
Q

Anemia of chronic disease, leukocytosis (high white blood cell counts), thrombocytosis (high platelet counts)

A

Hematopoetic changes in chronic inflammation

20
Q

What do we use to manage the inflammatory response of spinal cord injury?

A

Methylprednisolone, Erythropoetin, and Minocycline

21
Q

Causes tissue disruption and primary cells death

A

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)

22
Q

Injured spinal cords show progressive

A

Tissue loss

23
Q

With an SCI, central hemorrhage necrosis develops over

A

2-3 hours

24
Q

With an SCI, white matter blood flow falls by

A

50% within 3 hours

25
Q

Metabolism is compromised with high lactic acid levels with an

A

SCI

26
Q

Intracellular calcium activity >1µM activates proteases and phospholipases, breaking down proteins and lipids with an

A

SCI

27
Q

This calcium then binds to mitochondria and produces

A

Free radicals

28
Q

After injury, we begin to see neuronal apoptosis in the gray matter surrounding the injury. This peaks at

A

48 hours

29
Q

We also see oligodendroglial apoptosis after injury in white matter tracts. This peaks

A

10-14 days after injury

30
Q

We see breakdown of the blood brain barrier and rapid pro-inflammatory cytokine response (<1 h) with

A

SCI

31
Q

Distal to the SCI lesion, we see

A

Wallerian degeneration

32
Q

Severed spinal cord axons fail to

A

Regenerate

33
Q

We get axonal degeneration and loss of myelin where?

A

Distal to an SCI injury

34
Q

Disrupt axon extension in CNS injury

A

Inhibitory factors

35
Q

We get a growth cone and axon growth-promotoing signals with

A

PNS injury

36
Q

Can regenerate

A

PNS axons

37
Q

Can induce central axons to regenerate

A

Sciatic nerve grafts

38
Q

May be capable of regenerating given the appropriate environment

A

Central axons

39
Q

Block regeneration

A

Glial scars

40
Q

What are 4 exampls of inhibitory factors in the glial scar?

A

Myelin basic protein, Nogo A, MG, and OMgp

41
Q

Inhibits growth of CNS axons

A

Nogo

42
Q

Leads to long-distance regeneration and functional recovery in rats treated with anti-antibodies

A

Deactivation of Nogo A

43
Q

What are three commonly used cell types to attempt to regenerate CNS axons after SCI?

A

OECs, Schwann cells, Neural Stem calls, and Embryonic stem cells

44
Q

We can use human embryonic stem cells to derive

A

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells

45
Q

We also can see axon emergence from grafts with human

A

Neuroprogenitor Cells (NPCs)

46
Q

Can induce central axons to regenerate

A

Sciatic nerve grafts

NBB Test 2 (33 decks)

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