week 1 Flashcards
define development
the process of changes in performance that are heavily influences by maturational processes and growth.
define theory
: a logical system of concepts that helps explain observations and contributes to the development of a body of knowledge.
- Different from a fact eg. there are more births now than 100 years ago
requirements of a theory
- Needs to looks at phenomena
- Needs to look at assumptions
- Needs to predict something
classifications of a theory
- Nature vs nurture
- Qualitative vs quantitative
- Stability (rules for atisibalting behaviour they are linear pattern) vs instability ( development occurs staggered)
- Reductionist vs non reductionist (whole)
- Organismic (nature must be considered eg genetics) vs mechanistic (body is a machine and environment impacts on it)
theories off human development six questions
- What is the direction of change over the lifespan?
- What are the mechanisms that account for growth from conception through to old age? Do these mechanisms vary across the life span?
- How do physical, cognitive, emotional and social functions interact?
- How relevant are early experiences for later development?
- How do the environmental and social contexts affect individual development?
- What factors are likely to place the person at risk at specific periods of life span?
eriksons developmental theory
5 assumptions
only person to look across the entire lifespan) Eight life stages based on five assumptions:
- People have the same basic needs
- Personal development occurs in response to these needs
- Development proceeds in stages
- Movement through the stages reflects changes in an individual’s motivation
- Each stage is characterised by psychosocial challenge that presents opportunities for development.
eriksons developmental theory eight stages
oral sensory muscalar anal locomotor latency adolescence young adulthood middle adult hood maturitay
summary of oral sensory (eriksons theory)
Depend of parents, the infant must form a first loving, trust relationship with the caregiver, or develop a sense of mistrust if this is not given consistently.
trust vs mistrust
summary musclar anal (.eriksons theory)
Development of physical skill, including walking, grasping, control. Child learns control. May develop shame and doubt if not handled well and given disapproval.
Autonomy vs shame/ doubt
summary locomotor (eriksons theory)
Continues to become more assertive and to take more initiative, but may be too forceful and therefore leads to guilt. Success leads to a sense of purpose.Imitative vs Guilt
summary latency (eriksons theory)
Child learns to deal with the demands to learn new skills or risk a sense of inferiority, failure and incompetence
.Industry vs inferiority
summary adolescence (eriksons theory )
The teenager must achieve a sense of indemnity in occupation, sex roles, politics and religion. Success leads to being true to self where failure leads to confusion and weak sense of self.Identity vs role confusion
summary young adulthood (eriksons theory)
Must develop intimate relationship or suffer feelings of isolation. Success leads to strong relationships where failure leads to isolation and loneliness.
Intimacy vs isolation
summary of maturity (eriksons theory)
Must look back on their life and feel a sense of fulfilment. Success leads to feelings of wisdom where failure leads to regret and despair.
Ego integrity vs despair
summary middle adult hood (eriksons theory)
Must find some way to satisfy and support the next generation. Success leads to accomplishment
Generativity vs stagnation
evolutionary theory
- Charles Darwin
- Adaptive by either; natural selection, fitness success and inclusive fitness
psychoanalytic theory
- Sigmund Freud
- Study of the unconscious mind
- Components:
4. Motivation and behaviour
5. Domains of consciousness; conscious, pre-conscious and unconscious
6. Structure of personality; id, ego and superego
7. Stages of development; oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital
8. Defence mechanisms
