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Chemistry 101 COPY > Organic Reactions > Flashcards

Organic Reactions Flashcards

1
Q

Does breaking a bond require energy or release energy?

A

Requires energy

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2
Q

Does forming a bond require energy or release energy?

A

Releases energy

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3
Q

What visual tool can we use to help explain what type of reaction is occurring?

A

Reaction coordinate diagrams

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4
Q

What two things does a kinetic reaction coordinate diagram relate to?

A

The rate of a reaction

Activation energy

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5
Q

What does a thermodynamic reaction coordinate diagram relate to?

A

Equilibrium between reactants and products

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6
Q

What does it mean if the activation energy for a reaction is large?

A

It takes a lot of kinetic energy to make the reaction take place

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7
Q

What can be said about the activation energy of favoured pathways?

A

Favoured pathways have a low activation energy

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8
Q

What are reflux reactions?

A

Reactions that we need to heat to give enough activation energy for the reaction to occur.

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9
Q

What is ΔG?

A

The difference in free energy between the reactants and products

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10
Q

What sign of ΔG is always favoured?

A

Negative, because it gives a more stable product.

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11
Q

Do reactions with a positive ΔG occur?

A

We can force them to occur, but they tend to not stay that way.

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12
Q

What is a transition state?

A

A high energy state through which a reaction passes (maximum)

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13
Q

What occurs in a transition state?

A

Bonds are partially forming and partially breaking simultaneously.

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14
Q

Can transition states be isolated?

A

No.

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15
Q

What is an intermediate?

A

A charged species that forms during the reaction

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16
Q

Does every reaction have an intermediate?

A

No.

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17
Q

How can you tell if a reaction has a transition state?

A

Using an energy diagram: it must have a “valley” between two transition states.

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18
Q

How can we determine how many steps there are in a reaction?

A

Using reaction coordinate diagrams

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19
Q

How many steps does a reaction with one transition state have?

A

One

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20
Q

What does it mean for a reaction to have one step?

A

Everything happens at once

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21
Q

How many steps does a reaction with two transition states have?

A

Two

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22
Q

What does it mean for a reaction to have two steps?

A

Multiple things happen at one time

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23
Q

Does a reaction with one transition state have an intermediate?

A

No

24
Q

Does a reaction with two transition states have an intermediate?

A

Yes

25
Q

What are the two possible mechanisms for a reaction with one transition state?

A

A->X A+X–>AX

26
Q

What is the mechanism for a reaction with one transition state?

A

A->B->C

27
Q

Can a reaction have more than two steps?

A

Yes

28
Q

When does a reaction occur?

A

When electrons move

29
Q

What do we use to show the electron movement in a reaction?

A

A reaction mechanism

30
Q

What is electron movement based on?

A

Bond polarity and charge

31
Q

What will a change in polarity do to electrons?

A

Move the electrons

32
Q

In terms of electronegativity, what is the electron-rich atom?

A

The more electronegative atom

33
Q

In terms of electronegativity, what is the electron-poor atom?

A

The less electronegative atom

34
Q

In terms of electrons, what is an anion?

A

An atom or compound with an extra electron.

35
Q

What is a hydrogen ion (essentially)?

A

Just a proton

36
Q

What is an electron-poor atom called?

A

An electrophile

37
Q

What does electrophile translate to?

A

Electron-loving

38
Q

What charge are electrophiles usually?

A

Positive

39
Q

What can electrophiles do in terms of electrons?

A

Accept a pair of electrons.

40
Q

Are only atoms with formal positive charges considered electrophiles?

A

No.

41
Q

What atoms, other than atoms with formal positive charges, are considered electrophilic?

A

Carbon atoms with a delta positive charge

42
Q

What are two examples of delta-positive carbon electrophiles?

A

Carbons in alkyl halides

Carbons in carbonyl compounds

43
Q

What is an electron-rich atom called?

A

A nucleophile

44
Q

What are three ways to identify nucleophiles?

A

Lone pair(s)

Negative charge

Double bond(s)

45
Q

Are double bonds electron rich or electron poor?

A

Electron rich

46
Q

Which starts a reaction: an electrophile or a nucleophile?

A

A nucleophile

47
Q

What charge always starts a reaction?

A

The negative charge.

48
Q

What two things are you always looking for when identifying an electrophile?

A

Positive charges

Inductive effects resulting in delta positive charges

49
Q

Label the delta positive and delta negative regions on this structure, if possible

A
50
Q

Label the delta positive and delta negative regions on this structure, if possible

A

There are no delta positive or delta negative regions in this molecule as it does not contain a functional group

51
Q

Label the delta positive and delta negative regions on this structure, if possible

A
52
Q

Label the delta positive and delta negative regions on this structure, if possible

A
53
Q

Label the delta positive and delta negative regions on this structure, if possible

A
54
Q

Label the delta positive and delta negative regions on this structure, if possible

A
55
Q

What are two shorthand ways to represent the electrophile?

A

E+

δ+

56
Q

Can transition states be isolated?

A

No.

Chemistry 101 COPY (32 decks)

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