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MCD > Cell Pathology 4 - Cell Injury > Flashcards

Cell Pathology 4 - Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of cell injury?

A
  • Lethal produces cell death

- Sublethal produces injury not amounting to cell death, which may be reversible or progress to cell death

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2
Q

List the causes of cell injury

A
  • Oxygen deprivation
  • Chemical agents
  • Infectious agents
  • Immunological reactions
  • Genetic defects
  • Nutritional imbalances
  • Physical agents
  • Aging
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3
Q

What does the cellular response to injury depend on?

A

The type of injury, duration and its severity.

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4
Q

What do the consequences of an injurious stimuli depend on?

A

Depends on the cell type and on its status

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5
Q

Which intracellular systems are particularly vulnerable to cell injury?

A
  • Cell membrane integrity
  • ATP generation
  • Protein synthesis
  • The integrity of genetic apparatus
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6
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Shrinking of a cell

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7
Q

Give an example of atrophy

A

Dementia

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8
Q

When does muscle atrophy occur?

A

It occurs secondary to denervation

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9
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in the size of cell and consequence organs increase in size.

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10
Q

What causes hypertrophy?

A

Increased cellular demand or hormonal triggers

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11
Q

Give an example of physiological hypertrophy.

A

The uterus swells during pregnancy

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12
Q

Give an example of pathological hypertrophy.

A

Myocytes swell due to injury causing cell death, or due to increased load.

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13
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

An increase in the number of cells in the organ

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14
Q

What causes hyperplasia?

A
  • Physiological is caused by hormones/may be compensatory

- Pathological hyperplasia is due to excessive hormonal or growth factor production

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15
Q

Give an example of physiological hyperplasia.

A

Proliferative endometrium (increase in thickness of the lining of the uterus)

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16
Q

Give an example of pathological hyperplasia

A

Carcinoma

17
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

A reversible change where one cell type is replaced with another

18
Q

Give an example of physiological metaplasia

A

The lining of the cervix - columnar to squamous and the reverse during puberty.

19
Q

Give an example of pathological metaplasia

A

Barrett’s oesophagus - acidosis causes the oesophagus wall to become columnar. Can be reversed.

20
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Precancerous cells which show the genetic and cytological features of malignancy but don’t invade underlying tissue.

21
Q

What may dysplasia be associated with?

A

Barrets oesophagus

22
Q

What are the light microscopic changes associated with reversible injury?

A

Fatty change and cellular swelling

23
Q

What is necrosis?

A

Congruent cell death associated with inflammation

24
Q

What are the types of necrosis?

A
  • Coagulative necrosis
  • Liquefactive necrosis
  • Caseous necrosis
  • Fat necrosis
25
Q

What is coagulative necrosis?

A

Where the cells are dead but can still be seen and recognised.

26
Q

What is confluent cell death?

A

Death of many cells that are close together.

27
Q

What is liquefactive necrosis?

A

Occurs in the brain - the absence of cells but presence of liquids.

28
Q

What is caseous necrosis?

A

Looks like cheese - creamy and oozes out when cut

29
Q

What is fat necrosis?

A

This is where lipase is released and this breaks down triglycerides to fatty acids. The fatty acids bind with calcium to form salts, which deposit to form fat necrosis

30
Q

Give an example of coagulative necrosis

A

Myocardial infarction - you can recognise the cells

31
Q

Give an example of a caseous infarct

A

Pulmonary TB

32
Q

Give an example of fat necrosis

A

Acute pancreatitis

33
Q

What are the possible causes of apoptosis?

A
  • Embryogenesis
  • Deletion if autoreactive T cells in the thymus
  • Hormone dependent involution
  • Mild injurious stimuli that damage DNA
34
Q

What are the differences between apoptosis and necrosis?

A
  • Necrosis is leakage of cellular contents, while apoptosis involves formation of apoptotic bodies which are phagocytosed
  • Apoptosis can be physiological
  • Apoptosis requires energy
  • Apoptosis is NOT associated with inflammation
35
Q

What is necroptosis?

A
  • Programmed cell death associated with inflammation

- Has many causes, such as viral infections

MCD (56 decks)

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