Renal Flashcards
Which is the most common subtype of bladder cancer?
Transitional cell carcinoma
If someone is a long term smoker, which type of renal cancer is strongly linked?
TCC
Who is most commonly affected by bladder cancer?
Males aged 50-80
How does smoking affect bladder cancer?
If someone is a current smoker or has smoked in the past 20 years, they will have a 2-5 fold increase in risk of bladder cancer
Does schistosomiasis affect bladder cancer?
If someone has chronic inflammation due to schistomsomiasis, then this is a common cause of bladder cancer in countries where it is endemic
What are the types of bladder malignancies?
- Transitional cell carcinoma (>90% of cases)
- Squamous cell carcinoma ( 1-7% -except in regions affected by schistosomiasis)
- Adenocarcinoma (2%)
If you have T3 BCC what is your risk of lymph node metastasis?
Over 30%
What is the presentation of bladder cancer?
85% present with painless, macroscopic haematuria.
With microscopic haematuria, up to 10% of females over 50 will be found to have a malignancy post exclusion of infection
How is bladder cancer treated?
If superficial lesions, then TURBT.
If it is recurrant or a higher grade/risk, then intravesical chemotherapy may be offered.
T2 and over are usually offered surgery or radical radiotherapy
What is the prognosis of bladder cancer?
T1 90% T2 60% T3 35% T4a 10-25% Any T, N1-N2 30%
What are the different make ups of ureter stones?
Calcium oxalate (85%) Cystine (1%) Uric acid (5-10)% Calcium phosphate (10%) Struvite (Mg, NH4 and phosphate) (2-20%)
Which shapes are which stone make-ups?
Calcium oxalate - envelope shaped Cystine - hexagonal Uric acid - diamond/rhomboid Calcium Phosphate - wedge Struvite - coffin lid
Which type of stone does dehydration predispose your risk to?
Calcium oxalate
Which type of stone does repeat UTIs give you the risk of?
Struvite
Where do the renal arteries come off the aorta?
L2
