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Biology (Nora) > Human Nutrition - Digestion > Flashcards

Human Nutrition - Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

nutrition

A

the way in which an organism obtains and uses food

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2
Q

autotrops

A

organisms that can make their own food ie. green plants, but photosynthesis

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3
Q

heterotrops

A

organisms that canot make their own food and must get it from environment

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4
Q

herbivores

A

feed only on plants

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5
Q

carnivores

A

eat other animals

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6
Q

omnivores

A

eat both plants and animals

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7
Q

example of herbivore

A

cow

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8
Q

example of carnivore

A

dogs

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9
Q

example of omnivore

A

human

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10
Q

stages of human nutrition

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion
  3. Absorption
  4. Egestion
    (assimilation)
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11
Q

ingestion

A

the taking of food into the alimentary canal i.e putting it into the mouth

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12
Q

digestion

A

the mechanical or chemical breakdown of food into smaller molecules so that it can be absorbsed

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13
Q

absorption

A

soluble products of digestion can now pass through the cells lining the small intestine into the blood and lymph systems

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14
Q

egestion

A

the removal of unabsorbed and undigested material from the digestive system (through the anus)

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15
Q

assimilation

A

the absorbed food is used to make new molecules of for release of energy

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16
Q

7 components of a balanced diet

A

carbohydrates, protein, lipids, vitamins, minerals, fibre, water

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17
Q

what is a balanced diet

A

the 7 components must be present in the right amounts

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18
Q

factors affecting amount of food required in a person

A

age- growing teenagers need more food than elders

activity levels- more if you exercise a lot

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19
Q

frequency of sugar and alcohol

A

restricted intake

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20
Q

frequency of dairy

A

2-3 a day

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21
Q

frequency of meat/fish/protein

A

2-3 a day

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22
Q

frequency of fruit and veg

A

3-5 a day

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23
Q

frequency of starchy carbs

A

6-11 a day

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24
Q

pH of mouth

A

7-8

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25
Q

type of digestion in mouth

A

chemical and physical

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26
Q

mechanical digestion

A

breakdown of large pieces of food by physical or mechanical ways

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27
Q

mechanical digestion in the mouth

A

chewing action of the teeth

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28
Q

chemical digestion

A

chemical breakdown of food by enzymes

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29
Q

chemical digestion in mouth

A

amylase converts starch to maltose

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30
Q

human teeth types

A

incisors canines premolars and molars

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31
Q

incisor function

A

cutting

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32
Q

canine function

A

stabbing and tearing

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33
Q

premolar and molar function

A

chewing and grinding

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34
Q

dental formula for half mouth

A

I 22 C 11 P22 M33

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35
Q

how many teeth in adult whole mouth

A

32

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36
Q

herbivore teeth

A

broad, rigid premolars and molars

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37
Q

carnivore teeth

A

long sharp canines

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38
Q

salivary glands arranged in mouth

A

3 pairs of them

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39
Q

4 components of saliva

A

water and mucous (mucin)
salts
salivary amylase
lysozome

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40
Q

function of mucin in saliva

A

moisten and lubricate the food and make it easier to swallow

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41
Q

function of salts in saliva

A

provide neutral to slightly alkaline pH, optimum for amylase

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42
Q

function of salivary amylase in saliva

A

enzyme that converts starch to maltose

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43
Q

function of lysozome in saliva

A

helps kill microorganisms eg.bacteria

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44
Q

name for ball of food made in the mouth

A

bolus

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45
Q

flap of skin and cartilage in throat

A

epiglottis

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46
Q

peristalsis

A

involuntary muscle contractions of the gut wall which moves food

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47
Q

what is the stomach

A

a muscular bag that receives food from the oesophagus

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48
Q

pH of stomach

A

2

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49
Q

for how long is food stored

A

2-4 hours

50
Q

semi-solid liquid stomach churns food into

A

chyme

51
Q

sphincter

A

a ring of muscle that opens and closes

52
Q

top stomach sphincter

A

cardiac sphincter

53
Q

bottom stomach sphincter

A

pyloric sphincter

54
Q

3 components of gastric juice

A 
mucous (mucin)
hydrochloric acid (HCl)
enzyme pepsin(ogen)
55
Q

function of mucous in gastric juice

A

protects lining of stomach from digesting itself

56
Q

function of HCl in gastric juice

A

provides acidic environment of pH 2, optimum for pepsin enzyme and activates pepsinogen

57
Q

type of pepsin in gastric juice and why

A

pepsinogen, inactive form so as not to digest the lining of the stomach

58
Q

how is pepsinogen activated

A

by HCl

59
Q

what type of enzyme is pepsin?

A

protease

60
Q

3 roles of HCl in the stomach

A
  • activates pepsinogen to pepsin
  • sterilises food, kills microorganisms
  • chops up starch into short sections (mechanical di)
61
Q

small intestine pH

A

7-9

62
Q

sections of small intestine

A

duodenum

ileum

63
Q

how long is the duodenum

A

25cm

64
Q

how long is the ileum

A

5.5m

65
Q

function of duodenum

A

where digestion occurs

66
Q

function of the ileum

A

where absorption of digested foods into blood and lymph

67
Q

3 places from which the small intestine receives secretions

A

the liver
the pancreas
the lining of the intestine itself

68
Q

where is the liver located

A

above the stomach

69
Q

function of the liver

A

produces bile

70
Q

what is bile

A

a green fluid that breaks down lipids

71
Q

where is bile stored

A

in the gall bladder

72
Q

how does the bile get from the liver to the duodenum?

A

through the bile duct

73
Q

3 components of bile

A

bile salts
bile pigments
sodium hydrogen carbonate

74
Q

function of bile salts in bile

A

emulsify fat, mechanical process, break down fat droplets to increase their surface area

75
Q

what are bile pigments?

A

no digestive function

an excretory product of the breakdown of old blood cells

76
Q

does bile contain digestive enzymes?

A

no

77
Q

does bile contain water?

A

yes

78
Q

where is the pancreas located?

A

below the stomach

79
Q

what does the pancreas secrete?

A

pancreatic juice (and insulin)

80
Q

3 things pancreatic juice consists of

A

sodium hydrogen carbonate
enzymes
water

81
Q

function of sodium hydrogen carbonate in the pancreas

A

An alkaline salt that neutralises the stomach acid, allows enzymes in small intestine to work best

82
Q

enzymes of pancreatic juice

A

pancreatic amylase

lipase

83
Q

how is food absorbed

A

passes through the cells lining the small intestine by diffusion and active transport and into the blood and lymph systems

84
Q

path glucose and amino acids take when absorbed

A

pass by diffusion into blood capillaries ad go into hepatic portal vein

85
Q

what does hepatic portal vein

A

brings blood from the gut to the liver

86
Q

path fatty acids and glycerol take when absorbed

A

absorbed into lymph lacteals, these joinand eventually empty lymph into the blood system

87
Q

which nutrients go into the blood capillaries in villus

A 
glucose
amino acids
vitamins
minerals
water
salts
88
Q

which nutrients go into the lymph lacteals

A

fatty acids
glycerol
fat soluble vitamins

89
Q

why is the intestine folded into villi?

A

to increase the surface area of the wall

90
Q

where are microvilli?

A

on the cells lining the villi

91
Q

5 ways in which the ileum is adapted for absorption

A
  1. it’s very long (about 5.5m)
  2. many villi increase surface area
  3. wall is only 1 cell thick, products pass through quickly
  4. large blood supply in the villus to absorb and carry away products
  5. each villus has a lacteal with lymph to carry digested fats
92
Q

how long is the large intestine

A

approx. 1.5m

93
Q

diameter of small intestine

A

3cm

94
Q

diameter of large intestine

A

6cm

95
Q

4 parts of large intestine

A

caecum, appendix, colon, rectum and anus

96
Q

where is the caecum in the large intestine

A

below the junction with the small intestine

97
Q

where is the appendix found

A

at the end of the caecum

98
Q

function of caecum and appendix

A

no function, vestigial organs

99
Q

vestigial organs

A

no longer have a function

100
Q

whats different about the caecum and appendix

A

they contain enzymes to digest cellulose

101
Q

main function of colon

A

reabsorb water by osmosis

102
Q

faeces

A

liquid waste turned semi-solid

103
Q

colour of faeces

A

due to bile

104
Q

diarrhoea

A

waste moves to fast through colon, not enough water reabsorbed

105
Q

constipation

A

waste moves too slow through colon, too much water reabsorbed

106
Q

2 functions of symbiotic bacteria in the colon

A

a) produce vit B & K

b) prevents growth of pathogenic bacteria

107
Q

symbiosis

A

relationship between two different species where one or both benefit from the relationship

108
Q

function of rectum

A

stores faeces before removal through the anus

109
Q

egestion

A

the removal of undigested or unabsorbed materials

110
Q

is faeces excreted and why

A

no, excretion is the removal of waste products of metabolism

111
Q

6 components of faeces

A 
undigested food
bile pigments
salts
bacteria
dead cells
water
112
Q

other name for fibre

A

roughage

113
Q

how does fibre stimulate peristalsis

A

it bulks up the food and stimulates the contractions

114
Q

how does fibre prevent obesity?

A

gives a feeling of fullness

115
Q

what is the largest internal organ/gland in the body?

A

the liver

116
Q

6 functions of the liver

A 
stores energy
deamination
stores fat soluble vitamins
makes bile 
stores minerals 
detoxifies chemicals and alcohol
117
Q

how does the liver store energy

A

stores glucose as glycogen and breaks it back down when its needed

118
Q

which fat soluble vitamin does the liver not store?

A

E

119
Q

an example of a mineral stored in the liver

A

iron

120
Q

Hepatic artery

A

carries blood from aorta to liver

121
Q

Hepatic vein

A

carries blood to inferior vena cava

122
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

bring blood and digested food from the gut to the liver

Biology (Nora) (18 decks)

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