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Biology (Nora) > Blood Circulatory System > Flashcards

Blood Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

what type of tissue is blood?

A

connective tissue

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2
Q

amount of blood in an average adult

A

5-6L

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3
Q

circulatory system consists of (3)

A

blood
the heart
blood vessels

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4
Q

blood consists of (2)

A

plasma

blood cells

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5
Q

what is plasma?

A

pale gold liquid

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6
Q

% of plasma in blood

A

55%

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7
Q

2 components of plasma

A

water

dissolved solids

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8
Q

percentage of water in plasma

A

90%

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9
Q

percentage of dissolved solids in plasma

A

10%

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10
Q

function of water in plasma

A

acts as the solvent

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11
Q

6 dissolved solids in plasma

A 
blood proteins
soluble food
mineral salts
dissolved gases 
dissolved wastes
hormones
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12
Q

main functional part of blood proteins

A

antibodies

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13
Q

where are antibodies produced?

A

by white blood cells

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14
Q

where do antibodies enter the blood?

A

from lymphocytes

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15
Q

where are antibodies transported?

A

in the plasma

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16
Q

where are antibodies involved?

A

in our immune system

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17
Q

a second important blood protein

A

clotting proteins

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18
Q

function of clotting proteins

A

help the blood to form clots when needed

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19
Q

from where do clotting proteins enter the blood?

A

the liver

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20
Q

soluble food in plasma

A

glucose and amino acids

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21
Q

from where are soluble foods absorbed?

A

from the small intestine

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22
Q

to where are the glucose and amino acids brought

A

to the liver

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23
Q

after the liver where are the soluble foods brought?

A

to where they are needed in the body

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24
Q

how are mineral salts transported in the blood

A

as ions

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25
Q

3 ion salts in blood

A

Na+ Cl- Ca++

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26
Q

example of dissolved gas in blood

A

carbon dioxide

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27
Q

where is carbon dioxide produced?

A

in respiration

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28
Q

where does carbon dioxide enter the bloodstream?

A

from the cells

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29
Q

an example of dissolved waste in blood

A

urea

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30
Q

where does the urea come from?

A

liver

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31
Q

where does the urea go to?

A

the kidneys

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32
Q

where are the hormones secreted from?

A

the endocrine glands

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33
Q

where are the hormones carried to?

A

where they affect the body (a target organ)

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34
Q

plasma alo carries

A

heat

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35
Q

serum

A

plasma from which the clotting proteins have been removed

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36
Q

why would clotting proteins be removed from plasma

A

for a transfusion you don’t want it to clot

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37
Q

name for clotting proteins

A

fibrinogen

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38
Q

3 types of blood cells

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets

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39
Q

name for red blood cells

A

erythrocytes

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40
Q

3 places red blood cells are made

A

bone marrow of ribs, arms and legs, and vertebrae

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41
Q

where are old red blood cells broken down

A

in the liver and the spleen

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42
Q

rate at which red blood cells are broken down

A

3 million cells per second

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43
Q

why do red blood cells become damaged?

A

they’re constantly changing shape to pass through narrow blood vessels

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44
Q

where is the iron from the haemoglobin stored?

A

in the liver

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45
Q

2 things that happens to used iron

A
  1. recycled and used to make new haemoglobin

2. converted into bile pigments

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46
Q

life span of red blood cells

A

about 4 months

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47
Q

what does haemoglobin do?

A

joins with oxygen in areas of high oxygen concentration and releases oxygen in areas low oxygen concentration

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48
Q

area of high oxygen concentration

A

lungs

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49
Q

area of low oxygen concentration

A

body cells

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50
Q

oxygen binds to haemoglobin to make

A

oxyhaemoglobin

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51
Q

function of red blood cells

A

transport oxygen

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52
Q

colour of haemoglobin

A

purple

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53
Q

colour of oxyhaemoglobin

A

bright red

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54
Q

anaemia

A

a lack of haemoglobin or red blood cells

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55
Q

2 symptoms of anaemia

A

pale skin colour

loss of energy

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56
Q

what does haemoglobin also bind to?

A

carbon monoxide

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57
Q

what is the problem with haemoglobin binding to carbon monoxide?

A

it greatly reduces the amount of oxygen that is transported around the body, it kills quickly

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58
Q

where can you find CO (2)

A

car exhausts

cigarettes

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59
Q

shape of red blood cells

A

biconcave disk

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60
Q

why are biconcave disks a good shape

A

larger surface area to exchange oxygen

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61
Q

when do red blood cells lose their nuclei?

A

within a few days mature

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62
Q

what is not in red blood cells (2)

A

nuclei

mitochondria

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63
Q

why do red blood cells not have nuclei and mitochondria

A

to allow maximum space for haemoglobin molecules

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64
Q

membrane of red blood cells

A

thin flexible membrane

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65
Q

why do red blood cells have a thin flexible membrane?

A

to move through small blood vessels, capillaries

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66
Q

name for white blood cells

A

leukocytes

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67
Q

largest blood cells

A

white blood cells

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68
Q

shape of white blood cells

A

no definite shape

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69
Q

1 white blood cell=

A

700 red blood cells

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70
Q

nucleus in white blood cell

A

large nucleus

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71
Q

function of white blood cells

A

protection against disease

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72
Q

2 types of leukocytes

A

lymphocytes

monocytes

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73
Q

leukocytes percentage of white blood cells

A

23%

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74
Q

2 places leukocytes are made

A

in bone marrow and lymph nodes

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75
Q

where are lymphocytes stored?

A

in parts of the lymphatic system

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76
Q

5 places in lymphatic system where lymphocytes are stored

A 
spleen
lymph nodes
tonsils
adenoids
thymus glands
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77
Q

how long can lymphocytes survive?

A

between 3 months and 10 years

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78
Q

main function of lymphocytes

A

make antibodies

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79
Q

what are antibodies?

A

proteins made by lymphocytes in response to foreign antigens

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80
Q

what are antigens?

A

foreign molecules found on the surface of pathogens

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81
Q

structure of lymphocytes

A

large round nucleus with very little cytoplasm

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82
Q

function of antibodies

A

help the body to fight infection by micro-organisms eg.bacteria

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83
Q

monocytes percentage of all white blood cells

A

5% of all white blood cells

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84
Q

where are monocytes made

A

in the bone marrow

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85
Q

survival of monocytes

A

6-9 days

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86
Q

what are macrophages

A

a type of monocyte

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87
Q

phagocytosis

A

the process by which large particles are engulfed by the cell and become incorporated into a vacuole within the cell

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88
Q

monocytes are

A

phagocitic

89
Q

main function of moncytes

A

to engulf pathogens such as bacteria name for platelets

90
Q

name for platelets

A

thrombocytes

91
Q

what are platelets made from?

A

fragments of a large cell called a magacyte

92
Q

where are platelets made?

A

in the bone marrow

93
Q

shape of platelets

A

no definite shape

94
Q

do thrombocytes have a a nucleus?

A

no

95
Q

function of platelets

A

blood clotting

96
Q

2 main functions of blood clotting

A

reduce the loss of blood

prevent entry of micro-organisms

97
Q

haemophiliacs

A

unable to produce one or more of the clotting chemicals and as a result cannot form blood clots. they can bleed excessively when cut

98
Q

thrombosis

A

a blood clot that forms within a blood vessel and may block it, can lead to heart attack or stroke

99
Q

5 functions of blood

A
  1. transports food, wastes, hormones etc. in plasma
  2. transports oxygen in red blood cells
  3. thermoregulation, transports heat
  4. monocytes and leukocytes fight disease
  5. blood clotting - platelets
100
Q

percentage of irish people with rhesus gene

A

85%

101
Q

universal donor and why

A

O -

no antigens present

102
Q

universal recipient

A

AB +

all antigens present

103
Q

what type of system is the circulatory system

A

closed system

104
Q

what does it mean that the circulatory system is a closed system

A

blood flows in vessels inside the body

105
Q

2 advantages of a closed system

A
  1. blood can be pumped faster around the body

2. blood flow to organs can be regulated, increased or decreased when needed

106
Q

what does it mean to have an open circulatory system

A

blood is pumped from the heart into the body to fill areas called sinuses

107
Q

3 animals with an open circulatory system

A

snails
crabs
insects

108
Q

outer layer of arteries

A

collagen

109
Q

what type of tissue is collagen

A

connective tissue

110
Q

middle layer of arteries

A

muscle and elastic tissue

111
Q

lining of lumen in artery

A

endothelium

112
Q

middle of artery

A

small lumen

113
Q

function of collagen layer in artery

A

prevents over expansion of artery

114
Q

type of walls in artery

A

thick walls made of muscle and elastic tissue

115
Q

how is blood pushed on in the artery

A

the muscle contracts

elastic fibres recoil

116
Q

type of lumen in the artery

A

narrow lumen

117
Q

the only 2 arteries with valves

A

aorta

pulmonary artery

118
Q

only artery with deoxygenated blood

A

pulmonary artery

119
Q

pressure in blood in arteries

A

high pressure

120
Q

2 reasons why blood in arteries is under high pressure

A

arteries closer to heartbeat

narrow lumen

121
Q

arterioles

A

small arteries

122
Q

walls in veins

A

thin walls with less muscle and elastic tissue

123
Q

do veins have valves

A

yes

124
Q

vein lumen

A

larger than arteries

125
Q

why are valves in veins

A

prevent the backflow of blood as it is under low pressure in veins

126
Q

only vein carrying oxygenated blood

A

pulmonary vein

127
Q

why are veins under low pressure

A

less muscle in the wall

wide lumen

128
Q

blood flow in veins helped by (2)

A
  1. valves prevent backflow

2. contraction of skeletal muscles in the body

129
Q

venuoles

A

small veins

130
Q

blood flow in arteries

A

in pulses

131
Q

blood flow in veins

A

steady rate

132
Q

function of capillaries

A

carry blood from arterioles to venuoles through tissue releasing nurtrients and removing wastes

133
Q

what are capillaries?

A

tiny tubes that link arteries and veins

134
Q

what takes place in the capillaries?

A

exchange of materials between the blood and body cells

135
Q

circulatory system summary

A

heart -> arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venuoles -> veins -> heart

136
Q

structure of capillaries

A

lumen and single layer of endometrial cells

137
Q

how thick are capillaries

A

one cell thick

138
Q

why are capillaries one cell thick?

A

allows for rapid and easy movement of molecules in and out

139
Q

why do capillaries have a narrow lumen

A

slow blood flow to allow time for exchange of materials

140
Q

do capillaries have branching?

A

yes

141
Q

why do capillaries have branching

A

to increase the surface area for exchange of materials and allow all tissue cells to be close to a capillary

142
Q

portal vein

A

capillaries at both ends

carries blood from one organ to another

143
Q

example of portal vein

A

carries blood from small intestine to liver

144
Q

where is the heart?

A

in the thoracic cavity

145
Q

what protects the heart?

A

the ribcage and the sternum

146
Q

double circulatory system

A

the heart is a double pump

147
Q

what does the septum separate?

A

oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

148
Q

blood on left side of heart

A

oxygenated

149
Q

blood on right of heart

A

deoxygenated

150
Q

2 circuit

A

pulmonary circuit

systemic circuit

151
Q

the pulmonary circulation

A

deoxygenated blood from right side of heart to lungs and oxygenated blood from lungs to left side of heart

152
Q

the systemic circulation

A

oxygenated blood from left side of heart to body cells and deoxygenated blood from cells t right side of the body

153
Q

advantages of double circulation (2)

A

separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

maintains high blood pressure to ensure blood reaches all areas of the body

154
Q

diastole

A

relaxation of the cardiac muscle

155
Q

systole

A

the contraction of parts of the heart

156
Q

what does SA node stand for

A

sino atrial node

157
Q

other name for SA node

A

pacemaker

158
Q

what is the SA node?

A

a specialised tissue located in the upper right wall of the right atrium

159
Q

function of the SA node?

A

sends out regular electrical impulses which cause the atria to contract

160
Q

what does AV node stand for?

A

atrio ventricular node

161
Q

what is the AV node?

A

a piece of specialised tissue located in the septum at the base of the right atrium

162
Q

aorta

A

largest artery in the body

carries oxygenated blood to mot of the major organs in the body

163
Q

vena cava

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart

164
Q

2 vena cava

A

superior and inferior

165
Q

superior vena cava

A

carries blood from upper part of the body

166
Q

inferior vena cava

A

carries blood from lower part of the body

167
Q

pulmonary artery

A

carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs
excretes carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen

168
Q

pulmonary vein

A

carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left hand side of heart

169
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A

left and right atria and left and right ventricles

170
Q

septum

A

divides the heart into two separate pumps

171
Q

thickest wall of heart in

A

left ventricle

172
Q

how many cusps do valves have? `

A

3

173
Q

which valve doesn’t have 3 cusps?

A

2 in bicuspid valve

174
Q

bicuspid valve

A

from left atrium into left ventricle

175
Q

tricuspid valve

A

from right atrium to right ventricle

176
Q

semi-lunar valves

A

in aorta and pulmonary artery

177
Q

chordae tendineae

A

connective tissue holding heart valves in position

178
Q

papillary muscle

A

attaches chordae tendineae to the ventricular walls

179
Q

where is the blood supply to the heart

A

in the coronary arteries and veins

180
Q

where does the coronary artery start and end

A

branches of the aorta and branches into many capillaries in the heart muscle

181
Q

where do the coronary veins start and end

A

the capillaries join back up into veins and they return to the right atrium

182
Q

blockage of the coronary artery

A

leads to a heart attack

183
Q

how long does diastole last?

A

about .4 seconds

184
Q

atrial systole

A
  • SA node sends electrical impulse
  • cardiac muscle in atrial wall contracts
    more blood pushed into ventricles
185
Q

ventricular systole

A
  • stimulus for contraction passed to AV node
  • cardiac muscle of ventricle wall contract
  • bicuspid and tricuspid valves shut
  • semi-lunar valves open
  • blood forced into the arteries
  • semi-lunar valves shut
186
Q

atrial systole lasts

A

0.1 seconds

187
Q

ventricular systole lasts

A

0.3 seconds

188
Q

average length of cardiac cycle

A

.8 seconds

189
Q

average adult heart rate

A

70 bpm

190
Q

what is pulse

A

the alternative expansion and contraction of the arteries

indicative of the heart rate

191
Q

what is blood pressure?

A

the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the artery

192
Q

what causes the aorta to expand?

A

blood forced into the aorta during the contraction of the ventricles

193
Q

what causes the aorta to contract?

A

due to the elastic tissue in the wall

194
Q

2 values of blood pressure

A

systolic and diastolic

195
Q

normal blood pressure value

A

120/80

196
Q

unit of blood pressure

A

mm Hg (millimetres of mercury)

197
Q

top value of blood pressure

A

value in artery when heart is contracting

198
Q

bottom value of blood pressure

A

value in artery when heart is relaxed

199
Q

LORD

A

left oxygenated

right deoxygenated

200
Q

leading cause of death in ireland

A

cardiovascular disease

201
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

a disease of the blood vessels, causes hardening of the arteries

202
Q

what causes atherosclerosis?

A

too much cholesterol in the diet causing fatty deposits to build up under the lining of the artery

203
Q

what does an atheroma do?

A

it narrows the lumen of the artery which causes a rise in blood pressure

204
Q

what can an atheroma lead to?

A

the development of a blood clot or embolus

205
Q

what an a blood clot or embolus lead to?

A

t can block an artery and cause heart attack or stroke

206
Q

angina

A

when an there is an atheroma in the coronary arteries

207
Q

3 main factors affecting risk of cardiovascular disease?

A

smoking
diet
exercise

208
Q

2 things nicotine does to make a greater risk of heart attack

A
  1. stimulates adrenaline, faster heart rate and higher blood pressure put heart under pressure, extra stress
  2. makes heart muscle more excitable, which causes extra heartbeats
209
Q

extra heartbeats

A

heart arrhythmia

210
Q

how does carbon monoxide in cigarettes increase the risk of cardiovascular disease?

A

destroys the oxygen carrying abilities of the red blood cells by binding to the haemoglobin

211
Q

what type of diet can increase the risk of narrowing the arteries?

A

a diet high in animal fat

212
Q

what does less fat in the diet do for the heart?

A

makes it easier to lose weight which puts less strain on the heart

213
Q

what is high salt intake linked to?

A

higher blood pressure

214
Q

what is being overweight linked to?

A

higher blood pressure

215
Q

what does higher blood pressure lead to?

A

increased risk pf cardiovascular disease

216
Q

what does exercise increase? (2)

A

enlarges the heart strengthens the heart muscle

217
Q

what does exercise decrease (3)

A

lowers blood pressure, decreases body fat and cholesterol levels

218
Q

3 other factors affecting cardiovascular

A

genetic
age
stress

219
Q

5 treatments for cardiovascular disease

A 
stop smoking
increase activity
healthy diet with reduced amnimal fat
medication to lower blood pressure and cholesterol
surgery

Biology (Nora) (18 decks)

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