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Biology (Nora) > Breathing / Gaseous Exchange > Flashcards

Breathing / Gaseous Exchange Flashcards

1
Q

Breathing

A

the physical process of taking air into the lungs and releasing air from the lungs

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2
Q

respiration

A

the controlled release of energy from all living cells

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3
Q

word equation for respiration

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy

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4
Q

chemical equation for respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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5
Q

in humans where does gaseous exchange happen?

A

in the lungs

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6
Q

oxygen diffuses…

A

into the blood

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7
Q

carbon dioxide diffuses…

A

out of the blood

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8
Q

carbon dioxide and water are…

A

excreted out of the lungs

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9
Q

in leaves gaseous exchange occurs by diffusion in…

A

the stomata and in lenticels in stems

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10
Q

4 ways the lungs are adapted for gaseous exchange

A
  1. large surface area (alveoli)
  2. rich blood supply
  3. thin walls, permeable by gases (alveoli)
  4. moist absorbing surface (gases diffused more rapidly if dissolved in water
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11
Q

where are the lungs

A

in the thoracic cavity

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12
Q

2 examples of tissue in the lungs

A

epithelial and connective

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13
Q

what type of cavity is the thoracic cavity?

A

an airtight cavity

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14
Q

what protects the lungs from being punctured?

A

the ribcage

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15
Q

what protects the lungs

A

pleural membranes

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16
Q

what’s in the pleural membranes?

A

pleural fluid

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17
Q

2 functions of the pleural membrane

A
  1. Friction free movement of the lungs during breathing

2. Stick the lungs tight to the ribcage and also the diaphragm, so when it moves the lungs move

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18
Q

6 parts from nose to lungs

A

nasal passages/oral cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli

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19
Q

what are cilia?

A

tiny hairs that trap dust and microbes

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20
Q

what do cilia produce?

A

produce mucus that help trap dust and microbes

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21
Q

what do the cilia do with the dust and microbes

A

transport them, back to the pharynx where they are swallowed

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22
Q

4 places cilia are found in the respiratory system

A

nasal passages
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles

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23
Q

4 things the nasal cavity does

A

air is warmed, filtered, moistened and smelled

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24
Q

warm, moist air

A

diffuses into bloodstream more easily

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25
Q

where is the pharynx?

A

at the back of the mouth and nasal cavity, top of trachea

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26
Q

where is the epiglottis?

A

in the pharynx

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27
Q

what is the epiglottis?

A

flap of tissue

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28
Q

what does the epiglottis do?

A

shuts off the trachea during swallowing

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29
Q

function of the epiglottis

A

prevent food getting into the trachea

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30
Q

what is the larynx called

A

voice box

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31
Q

what is the larynx made of

A

cartilage

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32
Q

where is the larynx

A

sits on top of the trachea

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33
Q

what does the larynx contain

A

vocal chords

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34
Q

what does the larynx do?

A

produce sound as they vibrate as air passes over them

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35
Q

what is the trachea called?

A

the windpipe

36
Q

what does the trachea do?

A

carries air from the pharynx (throat) to the two bronchi

37
Q

what strengthens the trachea?

A

c-shaped rings of cartilage

38
Q

what do the c-shaped rings of cartilage do?

A

prevent the tube from collapsing when air pressure drops during breathing

39
Q

do the bronchi have c-shaped rings of cartilage?

A

yes

40
Q

do the bronchioles have c-shaped rings of cartilage?

A

no

41
Q

alveoli

A

tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles where gaseous exchange occurs

42
Q

how many alveoli in each lung?

A

700 million

43
Q

what are lungs composed of?

A

spongy elastic tissue

44
Q

what does the lung tissue do?

A

expands easily during inhalation and recoils rapidly during exhalation

45
Q

how many pairs of ribs do we have?

A

12 pairs of ribs

46
Q

2 muscles of the respiratory system

A

intercostal muscles

diaphragm

47
Q

where are intercostal muscle?

A

located between each rib

48
Q

what do the intercostal muscles do?

A

contract causing the ribcage to move upwards and outwards, drawing air into the lungs

49
Q

what is the diaphragm?

A

sheet of muscle separating the thorax from the abdomen

50
Q

what does the diaphragm?

A

becomes flatten in contraction and helps to bring about inspiration.

51
Q

shape of diaphragm when relaxed

A

dome-shaped

52
Q

4 adaptions of alveoli for gaseous exchange

A
  1. thin walls, permeable to gases
  2. very numerous, large surface area
  3. large supply of blood capillaries, only short distance to exchange
  4. well ventilated, air moves in and out quickly
53
Q

what vessel brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the heart?

A

pulmonary artery

54
Q

what vessel brings oxygenated blood back to the heart?

A

pulmonary vein

55
Q

diffusion

A

the movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

56
Q

diffusion takes places

A

along a concentration gradient

57
Q

is energy required for diffusion, why?

A

no

it’s a passive process

58
Q

why does oxygen diffuse from the alveoli into the blood?

A

air in the alveoli has a higher concentration of oxygen than the blood in the capillaries

59
Q

why does carbon dioxide diffuse from the blood into the alveoli?

A

the blood in the capillaries has a higher concentration of carbon dioxide than the air in the alveoli

60
Q

inhaled air oxygen

A

21%

61
Q

exhaled air oxygen

A

16%

62
Q

inhaled air carbon dioxide

A

0.03%

63
Q

exhaled air carbon dioxide

A

4%

64
Q

inhaled air nitrogen

A

78%

65
Q

exhaled air nitrogen

A

78%

66
Q

inhaled air water vapour

A

varies

67
Q

exhaled air water vapour

A

higher than inhaled

68
Q

exhaled air is…

A

warmer

69
Q

air moves from

A

from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

70
Q

if you increase the volume in the thoracic cavity

A

you lower the pressure

71
Q

the process of inhalation

A
  • intercostal muscles contract, ribcage moves upwards and outwards
  • diaphragm contracts and flattens
  • volume increases pressure decreases
  • air is sucked in
72
Q

the process of exhalation

A
  • intercostals relax, ribcage downwards and inwards
  • diaphragm relaxes (dome shape)
  • decrease volume, increase pressure, air flows out
73
Q

why is breathing a passive process?!

A

muscles only have to relax

74
Q

the rate of breathing is controlled by?

A

the level of carbon dioxide in the blood

75
Q

normal breathing movements

A

16-18 breaths per minute

76
Q

where is the unconscious control of breathing?

A

in the medulla oblongata of the brain

77
Q

cells in the respiratory centre are very sensitive to…

A

the level of carbon dioxide in the blood

78
Q

acidic gas

A

carbon dioxide

79
Q

carbon dioxide dissolved in water

A

carbonic acid

80
Q

what does carbonic acid do?

A

causes the pH of the blood to fall

81
Q

what does the respiratory centre of the medulla do with the fall in the pH of the blood?

A

sends impulses to the intercostal muscles and diaphragm which causes inspiration to occur

82
Q

what is the most powerful stimulant for the an increase in the rate of breathing?

A

carbon dioxide dissolved in the blood

83
Q

2 breathing disorders

A

asthma and bronchitis

84
Q

asthma

A

narrowing of the bronchioles of the lungs, making breathing difficult and wheezy

85
Q

a possible cause of asthma

A

immune reaction to an external allergen e.g..pollen or dust

86
Q

a preventative measure of asthma

A

avoid the allergen by avoiding areas where the allergen is present in high quantities
eg. frequent cleaning to avoid house dust

87
Q

a treatment of asthma

A

inhaler that has drugs that stimulates the airways to widen and dilate

Biology (Nora) (18 decks)

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