Chapter 12

Question 1

“Non-specific” includes any barrier that blocks

invasion at a portal of entry

Answer 1

First line defenses

Question 2

“Non-specific’ internalized system of protective
cells and fluids (includes inflammation, fever and
phagocytosis)

Answer 2

Second line defenses

Question 3

A “specific defense”. Acquired on a individual
basis as each foreign substance is encountered by
white blood cells.

Answer 3

Third line defenses

Question 4

An enzyme in tears and saliva breaks down

peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria.

Answer 4

Lysozyme

Question 5

Produced by the glands of the stomach, has a pH

of 1.2 to 3.0, which kills most bacteria.

Answer 5

Gastric Juices

Question 6

General purpose phagocyte, that reacts early in the
inflammation process and are the primary
component of pus.

Answer 6

Neutrophils

Question 7

Travel in the blood as phagocytes

Answer 7

Monocytes

Question 8

After migrating out of the bloodstream into the
tissues monocytes are transformed by various
inflammatory mediators into ______

Answer 8

Macrophages

Question 9

Phagocytes recognize microorganisms as foreign

because of ______ markers found on the pathogen

Answer 9

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

PAMPs

Question 10

Used by host phagocytic cells to recognize PAMPs.

Answer 10

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

Question 11

In this stage of phagocytosis simulate products
cause phagocytes to migrate to the region of
inflammation.

Answer 11

Chemotaxis

Question 12

In this stage of phagocytosis phagocytes use
pattern recognition to identify and stick to foreign
cells.

Answer 12

Adhesion

Question 13

In this stage of phagocytosis the phagocyte engulfs
and internalizes the microorganism in a vacuole
called a phagosome

Answer 13

Engulfment and phagosome formation

Question 14

In this stage of phagocytosis the lysosome
migrates and fuses with the phagosome, forming a
phagolysosome.

Answer 14

Phagolysosome formation

Question 15

In this stage of phagocytosis granules containing
antimicrobial chemicals are released into the
phagolysosome destroying the ingested material.

Answer 15

Killing

Question 16

In this stage of phagocytosis The small bits of
indigestible debris are released from the phagocyte
by exocytosis

Answer 16

Elimination

Question 17

The bodies defensive response to tissue damage

from a microbial infection.

Answer 17

Inflammation

Question 18

What signs/symptoms characterize inflammation

Answer 18

Heat, redness, swelling and pain

Question 19

When cells are damaged, the chemical substance

_______ is released from basophils and mast cells.

Answer 19

Histamine

Question 20

Dilation of blood vessels

Answer 20

Vasodilation

Question 21

An increase in the number of leukocytes in the

blood.

Answer 21

Leukocytosis

Question 22

A pocket of tissue formed during chronic
inflammation that surrounds and walls off the
inflammatory agent

Answer 22

Granuloma

Question 23

A systemic rise in body temperature

Answer 23

Fever

Question 24

Body temperature is controlled by the _________

in the brain.

Answer 24

Hypothalamus

Question 25

Fever causing substances called ________
stimulate the hypothalamus and raise the bodies
temperature.

Answer 25

Pyrogens

Question 26

Found in the blood plasma and includes

approximately 26 different interacting proteins.

Answer 26

Complement

Question 27

Antiviral substances that are produced by certain
cells in the body (fibroblasts and lymphocytes)
after viral stimulation.

Answer 27

Interferon (IFN)