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1st Year: Physiology and Anatomy > Lecture 18: Joints and Articulation > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Joints and Articulation Flashcards

1
Q

what is a joint?

A

a junction between 2 bones

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2
Q

what are key aspects of a joint?

A

movable and fixed

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3
Q

Name one fixed joint

A

skull

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4
Q

what is the skull like at birth?

A

the skull bones are not joined together, there’s a anterior and posterior gap

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5
Q

when do the gaps in the skull close?

A 
first is posterior (1-2 months)
then anterior (9-18 months)
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6
Q

Name 3 bones found in the skull?

A

frontal bone
parietal bone
occipital bone

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7
Q

Give 3 example of movable joints

A

knee
elbow
finger

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8
Q

Nam two types of joints

A

fibrous joints

cartilaginous joints

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9
Q

what is a fibre joint?

A

Fixed joint between two bones

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10
Q

How is a fibrous joint held together ?

A

connective tissue

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11
Q

do fibrous joints have a cavity?

A

no cavity

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12
Q

Give one example of a fibrous joint?

A

skull

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13
Q

cartilaginous joint has ________ movement

A

limited

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14
Q

cartilaginous joints are he’d together by what?

A
  • fibro-cartilaginous discs

- ligaments

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15
Q

Give an example of a cartilaginous joint

A

pubic symphysis ribs

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16
Q

what are synovial joints?

A

two or more bones which are covered with a layer of articular cartilage and can transfer land between bones

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17
Q

list the joints from least movement to most

A

fibrous joints
Cartilaginous joint
synovial joints

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18
Q

whats an articular capsule?

A

connects bones

creates a cavity

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19
Q

whats a cavity n a synovial joint filled with?

A

synovial fluid

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20
Q

what does Articular cartilage/hyaline cartilage do?

A

covers end of bone
prevents friction
absorbs compression on joint
protects the joint

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21
Q

How is a joint capsule formed?

A

an outer tough fibrous layer and an inner synovial membrane.

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22
Q

what does a joint capsule do?

A

increase stability

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23
Q

what does a synovial membrane produce?

A

synovial fluid

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24
Q

where can synovial fluid be found?

A

joint cavity

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25
Q

whats the function of synovial fluid?

A

reduces friction between cartilage
Nourishes cartilage
gets rid of any waste debris

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26
Q

what does synovial fluid consist of ?

A

hyaluronic acid

interstitial fluid

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27
Q

what does synovial fluid contain?

A

phagocytes

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28
Q

what are ligaments

A

fibrous connective tissue arranged in a parallel form

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29
Q

what do ligaments do?

A
  • strong
  • resist repeated strain
  • helps prevent dislocation.
  • connects bone to bone
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30
Q

name two accessory ligaments

A

extracapsular, intracapsular

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31
Q

where are Intracapsular ligaments

A

located inside the articular capsule

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32
Q

what’s an example of a Intracapsular ligament ?

A

cruciate ligament

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33
Q

what are tendons?

A

Strong connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

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34
Q

what is a sprain, give an example?

A

ligament tear

eg:ankle sprain

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35
Q

what is a strain, give an example?

A

Tendon or muscle tear

e.g. hamstring muscle tear

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36
Q

what is a bursa and what does it do?

A

A pad of fat provide cushioning between fibrous capsule and bone or muscle, that acts as shock absorbers

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37
Q

what is Bursitis ?

A

When the Bursa swells as its accumulating synovial fluid

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38
Q

what are the different types of synovial joints?

A 
Ball and Socket 
hinge Joint
Pivot Joint 
Gliding Joint 
Saddle Joint
Condyloid Joint
39
Q

where can you find a Ball and socket joint?

A

hip or shoulder

40
Q

where can you find a hinge joint?

A

knee or elbow

41
Q

where can you find a pivot joint?

A

vertebrae of the neck

42
Q

where can you find a gliding joint?

A

in the Hand between carpels

43
Q

where can you find a saddle joint?

A

thumb joint

44
Q

where can you find a condyloid joint ?

A

wrist joint

45
Q

what are the 4 types of movement ?

A

gliding, flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction

46
Q

what type of movement is gliding?

A

No rotary or angular motion

47
Q

what type of movement is flexion/extension?

A

decrease/increasing angle between bones

48
Q

what type of movement is Abduction/adduction?

A

Movement of bone away/towards midline

49
Q

what type of movement is Circumduction?

A

Combination of flexion/extension and abduction/adduction in succession, resulting in circular motion

50
Q

which joints are triaxial ?

A

ball and socket

51
Q

Name a uniaxial joint

A

hinge joint

52
Q

what is elevation/depression?

A

moving the jaw up and down

53
Q

what is Protraction/retraction?

A

Pushing chin out/ pulling chin into neck

54
Q

what is Inversion/eversion?

A

Moving soles of feet inwards or outwards

55
Q

what is Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion?

A

Bending foot towards shin/towards sole

56
Q

what is Supination/pronation ?

A

Palm turned upwards/downwards

57
Q

why s the forearm more mobile than the lower leg?

A

radius/ulna are further apart compared to the tibia/fibula

58
Q

why are ball and socket joints triaxial?

A

because of rotation
extension
adduction

shoulder also circumduction

59
Q

what is uniaxial movement ?

A

Movement in a single plane

60
Q

what is hyperextension?

A

when someone is double jointed

61
Q

what features do double jointed joints have?

A

hyperflexible
hyperextensible
hypermobile

62
Q

what does a pivot joint look like?

A

Bone fits in a circle

63
Q

What is a pivot joint formed by?

A

formed by articulating bone and ligament

64
Q

what movement does a pivot joint have?

A

monoaxiol (rotation only)

medial and lateral rotation

65
Q

does a gliding joint allow twisting?

A

no

66
Q

what kind of joint is a saddle joint?

A

Modified ellipsoidal joint

67
Q

what kind of movement does saddle joints allowed?

A

Allows side-side, back-forth movements. Biaxial and allows circumduction. Allows opposition.

68
Q

what is opposition?

A

when the thumb can touch

each finger

69
Q

what movement do condyloid joints have?

A

biaxial - forward bak and side to side

70
Q

what is Osteoarthritis (OA)

?

A

wear and tear

71
Q

wat is Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

A

inflammatory, Autoimmune disease

72
Q

what is a gout?

A

sodium urate crystals in the joint

73
Q

what type of arthritis is OA?

A

degenerative
non-inflammatory
progressive
weight bearing joints

74
Q

what happens when there’s a Degeneration of articular cartilage?

A

bone is exposed
bumps of osseous tissue deposited
restricts joint movement
reduction in joint cavity

75
Q

how does osteoarthritis affect the spine?

A

narrow disks and bone spur

76
Q

what inflames due to Rheumatoid Arthritis ?

A

The synovial membrane

thickens and fluid accumulates

77
Q

what is panes ?

A

abnormal granulation tissue
responsible for deformation of joints
sticks to and erodes articular cartilage

78
Q

How does Rheumatoid Arthritis lead to joints being immobile?

A

Cartilage degraded
bones join together by fibrous tissue
ossifies and fuses – joint now immobile

79
Q

RA leads to hyperplasia of _______ _____ _____

A

synovial stromal cells

80
Q

RA causes the infiltration of?

A

T and B cells

81
Q

what is Rheumatoid factor?

A

autoantibody, binds to other antibodies found in 80% of patients.

82
Q

what’s a dietry treatment for OA/RA ?

A 
antioxidants (vitamins C, E) 
chondroitin sulphate
collagen hydrolysate 
glucosamine 
Ginger, evening primrose, fish oil
83
Q

what medication is taking to treat OA/RA?

A

painkillers
Immunosuppression (methotrexate)
Anti-TNF therapy for RA (adalimumab, etanercept and infliximab )
Anti- B cell therapy ( Rituximab)

84
Q

what other treatment is there for OA/RA?

A

surgery - relieves pain and improves function

85
Q

what causes Gout?

A

excess of uric acid (hyperuricemia) due to dysfunctional purine metabolism

86
Q

what other conditions are linked to gout?

A

Obesity
Diabetes
renal insufficiency
hypertension

87
Q

is there a clear correlation with diet and gout?

A

no

88
Q

How is Uric acid formed from hypoxanthine ?

A

enzyme xanthine oxidase

turns hypoxathine into xanthine and then xanthine into uric acid

89
Q

How is Uric acid formed from guanine ?

A

enzyme guanosine deaminase

turns guanine into xanthine and then xanthine oxidase turns xanthine into uric acid

90
Q

In Gout what does uric acid react with?

A

sodium

91
Q

(gout) what’s formed from uric acid and sodium ?

A

sodium urate crystals form and accumulate in joints

92
Q

what happens to cartilage hone someone has gout?

A

it erodes

93
Q

come back too

A

slide 48

1st Year: Physiology and Anatomy (28 decks)

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