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1st Year: Physiology and Anatomy > Lecture 19: Skin Thermoregulation and wound healing > Flashcards

Lecture 19: Skin Thermoregulation and wound healing Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of skin?

A

Glaborous skin

hair bearing skin

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2
Q

what are glamorous skin?

A

palm and soles

thick epidermis

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3
Q

hear bearing skin _____ depending on site

A

differs

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4
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium is constantly _____

A

growing

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5
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium contains ___…

A

no blood vessels , fed by vessels in the dermis

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6
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium skin turnover is …

A

52-75 days

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7
Q

what cells are in the epidermis ?

A

keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Langerhans Cells

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8
Q

epidermis is a barrier for?

A

water loss and infection

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9
Q

epidermis is colonised by?

A

microorganisms,

e.g. Staphylococcus epidermidis

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10
Q

what does a structure of a dermis contain?

A 
blood vessels
Nerves 
hair follicles
smooth muscle
Glands
lymphatic tissue
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11
Q

what loose connective tissue is in the dermis?

A

collagen
elastin
reticular fibers

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12
Q

what do Arrector pili muscles

do in the dermis?

A

attached between hair papilla and epidermis

contract, hair pulled upright – goose bumps

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13
Q

what do sebaceous glands

do in the dermis?

A

sebum (lipids and waxy substances)

lubrication, water-proofing, softening, bactericidal

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14
Q

what glands does the dermis have?

A

sebaceous glands

sweat glands

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15
Q

what is the outermost layer of the dermis?

A

papillary layer

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16
Q

papillary layer ….

A 
extends into the epidermis 
supply epidermis with nutrients
papillary ridges ( finger and foot prints)
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17
Q

what’s a dense layer the dermis has?

A

reticular layer

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18
Q

reticular layer facts…

A 
continuous with the hypodermis
contains the bulk of the structures 
e.g. sweat glands
irregularly arranged fibres
resists stretching
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19
Q

where is the hypodermis located?

A

below dermis

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20
Q

where is the hypodermis made from?

A

Loose connective tissue and elastin

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21
Q

what does the hypodermis do?

A

Attaches skin to bone and muscle

Supplies skin with blood vessels and sympathetic nerves

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22
Q

what are three cells found in the hypodermis?

A

Fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocyte

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23
Q

How do we get pigment?

A

melanin form melanocytes

melanosomes transfer to keratinocytes

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24
Q

what does melanin protect us from?

A

UV light

25
Q

what can the skin absorb ?

A

Oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide
Drugs can be administered through the skin
important site of transport in many other organisms

26
Q

what can the skin store and synthesise?

A

storage centre for lipids and water

synthesis of vitamin D by action of UV

27
Q

what can the skin excrete?

A

urea in sweat
Sodium chloride in sweat
Lactic acid in sweat

28
Q

what’s the average body temperature supposed to be ?

A

36.5 C to 37.5 C

29
Q

what does body temp have to be maintained between ?

A

+- 0.6 c

30
Q

what is skin temperature dependent on ?

A

dependent on outside temp

31
Q

what is body temperature controlled by?

A

regulating the balance between heat production and heat loss

32
Q

what’s Basal Metabolic Rate

?

A

Rate of metabolism of all cells

33
Q

what extra metabolic rate?

A 
Muscle contractions  
Activity in deep organs 
Hormone  
Adrenaline, noradrenaline and sympathetic stimulation of cells
Digesion, absorption and storage of food
34
Q

How does heat loss happen?

A

Transfer of heat from core to skin

via blood flow

35
Q

order of skin formation

A

epidermis
papillary loops
dermis
papillary plexus

36
Q

How does heat from skin go to surroundings?

A

radiation
conduction
convection
evaporation

37
Q

what percent of heat is lost through radiation and how?

A

60% (nude)

lost as infrared heat rays

38
Q

where is heat from conduction lost too and what percent?

A

3% to solids

15% to air

39
Q

How Is heat lost through convection?

A

hot air to rises

increases with wind velocity

40
Q

In what ways does our body evaporate heat and how much?

A

sweating

600-700ml skin and lungs a day

41
Q

what’s lost in sweat ?

A

sodium chloride 15-30g

42
Q

sweating involved stimulation of the _____

A

hypothalamus

43
Q

what does the hypothalamus contain?

A

heat sensitive neurons - anterior

1/3 cold sensitive

44
Q

when temp increases how does the firing rate of the hypothalamus increase?

A

2-10 folds

45
Q

where are thermoreceptors found?

A

skin and deep tissue

46
Q

what thermoreceptors signal to the posterior hypothalamus?

A

peripheral tissues

47
Q

if its too hot the hypothalamus will start…

A

Vasodilation

Sweating

Pilorelaxation

Inhibition of shivering

Inhibition of chemical
thermogenesis

48
Q

if its too cold the hypothalamus will start…

A 
Vasoconstriction
Piloerection
Shivering
chemical thermogenesis 
 Increased thyroxine
49
Q

what happens when you have a epidermal wound?

A

Basal epidermal cells leave basal membrane
Enlarge and migrate
Contact inhibition
Other cells divide to replace those moving
Continues until wound is resurfaced
Occurs within 24-48 hours of injury

50
Q

what are the four phases of wound healing?

A

inflammation
migration
poliferation
maturation

51
Q

How does a wound heal ?

A
  1. bv dilate, phagocytes invade
  2. scab, epithelial cells and fibroblasts migrate, fb synthesis collagen and glycoproteins
  3. growth of epithelial cells an bv, deposition of collagen fibres
  4. scab gone, cf organised, bv normal
52
Q

what are some problems that can happen when a wound is healing?

A

Ischaemia

Dry wound environment

Infection/foreign body

poor nutrition

53
Q

what is a scar formed form?

A

collagen and matrix materials

54
Q

what’s the difference between scard skin and normal skin?

A

vessels than normal skin

Lack of hair, sensory neurones or skin glands

55
Q

whats keloid scaring?

A

Scar extends past the original wound and into surrounding tissues

More common in darker skins

56
Q

whats hypertrophic scarring?

A

Raised scar

Remains within original wound boundary

57
Q

what cells does skin cancer involve?

A

squamous cell, basal cell, melanocyte

58
Q

what skin disorder is Psoriasis?

A

very rapid skin cell turnover
cells build up on the skin
forms thick, flaky patches called plaques

59
Q

what does eczema cause?

A

intense itching

inflammation occurs

1st Year: Physiology and Anatomy (28 decks)

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