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1st Year: Physiology and Anatomy > semester 2: L5: Blood Composition > Flashcards

semester 2: L5: Blood Composition Flashcards

1
Q

what is the composition of blood?

A

plasma is 55% of blood volume

cells are 45% of blood volume

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2
Q

whats in plasma, with the percent by weight?

A

water - 91%
proteins - 7%
other solutes - 2%

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3
Q

what other solutes does plasma contain?

A

Nutrients

Waste products

Hormones

Vitamins

Gases

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4
Q

what proteins are found in plasma?

A

albumine
globulin
fibrinogen

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5
Q

what do albumins and globulins do in plasma ?

A

maintain osmotic pressure
buffers
transports

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6
Q

what are leukocytes ?

A

white blood cells

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7
Q

what are the 5 types of white blood cells?

A 
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils 
Monocytes 
Eosinophils 
Basophils
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8
Q

what are white blood cells used for?

A

immune response

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9
Q

what is chemotaxis?

A

movement of leukocytes from the vessel lumen into into a damaged area

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10
Q

what do chemokines do?

A

act as chemoattractants, leading to the migration of immune cells to an infection site so they can target and destroy invading bodies

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11
Q

How many thrombocytes are there?

A

150, 000 – 450,000 per ml

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12
Q

whats a thrombocytes?

A

platelets - fragment of cytoplasm

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13
Q

what do thrombocytes not have?

A

no nucleus

cytoplasmic granules

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14
Q

what are thrombocytes released from?

A

megakaryocytes

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15
Q

what are platelets used for?

A

Platelets are cells in your blood which form clots to help stop bleeding

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16
Q

whats another term for red blood cells?

A

erythrocytes

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17
Q

erythrocytes are most _______

A

abundant

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18
Q

what do erythrocytes facilitate ?

A

They facilitate the transport of gases

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19
Q

what do erythrocytes not have?

A

they don’t have a nucleus or mitochondria

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20
Q

erythrocytes have a ____ ________

A

complex cytoskeleton

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21
Q

How are erythrocytes altered?

A

Altered by change in osmotic changes

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22
Q

what is Haematopoiesis?

A

process by which immature precursor cells develop into mature blood cells.

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23
Q

where does Haematopoiesis begin?

A

Begins in embryo

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24
Q

How does haematopoiesis progress through life?

A

active marrow decreases

pelvis, spine, ribs, cranium and proximal end of large bones remain active

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25
Q

What is the colour of active marrow?

A

Red

26
Q

What is the colour of inactive marrow?

A

Yellow

27
Q

What is the process of haematopoiesis? (1)

A

Mesoblastic stage – first month of embryonic life where cells are formed outside the embryo in the mesenchyme of the yolk sac

28
Q

What is the process of haematopoiesis? (2)

A

Hepatic stage – by the 6th week

29
Q

What is the process of haematopoiesis? (3)

A

Medullary stage – by the 5th month blood cell formation occurs in the bone marrow

30
Q

What is marrow?

A

Marrow – primitive stem cells & committed progenitor cells are confined

31
Q

What spleen and lymph nodes important?

A

secondary lymphoid tissue for lymphocyte development and differentiation

32
Q

What do cytokines consist of that is important to haematopoisis?

A

colony stimulating factors, in which promotes the growth of stem cells etc.

33
Q

What are cytokines produced by?

A

Endothelial cells, Marrow Fibroblasts, White Blood Cells

34
Q

What does cytokines regulate?

A

Leukopoiesis, Mitosis and maturation of stem cells

35
Q

Why does cytokines regulate Leukopoiesis?

A

to meet the needs of the body

36
Q

What are interleukins?

A

A group of cytokines

37
Q

What is a stem cell factor?

A

This is a cytokine having binded to a certain receptor

38
Q

What is a thrombopoietin?

A

a class 1 hematopoietic cytokine

39
Q

What does glycoprotein do?

A

growth and maturation of megakaryocytes

40
Q

What is the relation between erythropoietin and glycoproteins?

A

Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein,

glycoproteins are cytokines

41
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Released in response to tissue hypoxia

42
Q

Outline the process of Erythropoiesis?

A

We have a multipotent stem cell
Which starts off as a large nucleated erythroblast (20um)
As it matures it becomes smaller
And we are left with a Reticulocyte (immature rbc 7um)
It then leaves the bone marrow and enters circulation
Matures in circulation
Becomes a mature RBC (5 million per ul)

43
Q

How much haemoglobin contain?

A

140-160 g/l of blood

44
Q

How many copies does one red blood cell contain?

A

280 million

45
Q

What is the most common polypeptide chain in haemoglobin?

A

2 x alpha

2 x beta

46
Q

What does each subunit in blood contain?

A

haem group

each haem had a Fe atom

47
Q

List the functions of blood

A 
gases
nutrients and waste products
hormones
Maintenance of body temperature
Defence mechanisms
48
Q

describe the transport of oxygen from the lungs?

A

oxygen is taken in from the lungs and alveoli
Oxygen is then dissolved in the plasma where it binds to haemoglobin
This results in Oxyhaemoglobin

49
Q

How is oxygen transported in tissues?

A

in tissues there is low CO2
What the CO2 does is bind to the haemoglobin
By binding it essentially distorts the hb molecule
So that O2 becomes dissociated from hb
And then the O2 is dissolved into the plasma

50
Q

How is CO2 transported back to the lungs?

A

There are high levels of CO2 coming out of the tissues
There are high levels of CO2 diffusing into the plasma
CO2 in the Erythrocytes become Carbonic Acid
The reaction is stimulated by Carbonic Anhydrase
Carbonic anhydrase dissociates into H+, HCO3- ions
HCO3 ions move into plasma
H+ ion is stabilised by Cl- ions entering
Chloride shift occurs, which allows transport to lungs

51
Q

What does Sickle cell anaemia consist of?

A

Abnormal Hb (HbS)
Crystallises when deoxygenated
RBC shape altered

52
Q

What are the characteristics of haemolytic anaemia?

A

is either hereditary or acquired

RBCs are spherical, fragile , and rupture easily

53
Q

What are the characteristics of iron-deficient anaemia?

A

Low RBC count or low Hb content
microcytic
hypochromic

54
Q

List the other types of anaemia?

A

Pernicious anaemia
Normocytic anaemia
Polycythaemia vera
Haemochromatosis

55
Q

What percentage of WBC are Neutrophils?

A

50-70%

56
Q

What percentage of WBC are Lymphocytes?

A

25-35%

57
Q

What percentage of WBC are Basophils?

A

0.4-1%

58
Q

What percentage of WBC are are Eosinophils?

A

1-3%

59
Q

What percentage of WBC are Monocytes?

A

4-6%

60
Q

What can cause Leukopenia?

A 
chemotherapy 
Radiation 
autoimmune diseases 
spleen disease
liver diseases 
viral infections
vitamins and minerals deficiency 
bone marrow diseases 
drugs 
antibiotics
61
Q

what can cause leukocytosis?

A 
Anaemia
Infections
Allergy
systemic diseases
inflammatory diseases (e.g. RA)
tissue damage caused by burns
Leukaemia
          - Lymphocytic
            - Myelogenous
            - Erythroid
physical or emotional stress
medications 
pregnancy

1st Year: Physiology and Anatomy (28 decks)

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