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A level PE > Biomechanics 1.3b > Flashcards

Biomechanics 1.3b Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Linear Motion

A

-results from a direct force being applied to a body

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2
Q

5 key descriptors of Linear Motion

A
  • Distance
  • Displacement
  • Speed
  • Velocity
  • Acceleration/Deceleration
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3
Q

Distance

A

-Total length of path covered from start to finish

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4
Q

Displacement

A

-The shortest straight-line route from start to finish

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5
Q

Speed

A

-The rate of change in distance

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6
Q

Velocity

A

-The rate of change of displacement

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7
Q

Acceleration/Deceleration

A

-The rate of change in velocity

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8
Q

Distance calculation and units

A
  • Measured

- Metres (m)

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9
Q

Displacement calculation and units

A
  • Measured

- Metres (m)

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10
Q

Speed calculation and units

A
  • Speed = distance/time taken

- Metres per second (m/s)

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11
Q

Velocity calculation and units

A
  • displacement/time taken

- Metres per second (m/s)

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12
Q

Acceleration/Deceleration calculation and units

A
  • Acc/Dec = (FV-IV)/time taken

- Metres per second per second (m/s/s)

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13
Q

Distance time graph

A

-visual representation of the distance travelled plotted against time taken

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14
Q

Speed/Time graph

A

-Visual representation of the speed of motion plotted against time taken

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15
Q

Velocity/time graph

A

-Visual representation of the velocity of motion plotted against time taken

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16
Q

Angular Motion

A

-Movement of a body or part of a body in a circular path about an axis of rotation

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17
Q

Eccentric Force

A

-force applied outside the centre of mass, resulting in angular motion

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18
Q

Torque

A

-Measure of the turning force applied to the body

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19
Q

3 types of Axis

A
  • Longitudinal
  • Transverse
  • Frontal
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20
Q

Longitudinal Axis

A

-Runs from top to bottom of body

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21
Q

Transverse Axis

A

-Runs from side to side of the body

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22
Q

Frontal Axis

A

-Runs from front to the back of the body

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23
Q

Example of Longitudinal Axis

A

-Full twist turn

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24
Q

Example of Transverse Axis

A

-Front somersault

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25
Example of Frontal Axis
-Gymnast performs a cartwheel
26
3 descriptors of Angular Motion
- Moment of Inertia (MI) - Angular Velocity (AV) - Angular Momentum (AM)
27
Moment of Inertia
-Resistance of a body to change its state of angular dis. or rate of reaction
28
Angular Velocity
-The rate of change in angular displacement or rate of rotation
29
Angular Momentum
-The quantity of angular motion possessed by a body
30
Calculation of MI and units
- MI = sum (mass x distribution of mass from axis of rotation) - Kgm2
31
Calculation of AV and units
- AV = Angular displacement/time taken | - Radians per second (rad/s)
32
Calculation of AM and units
- AM = MI x AV | - kgm2/s
33
2 Factors affecting moment of inertia of rotating body
- Mass | - Distribution of mass
34
How does Mass effect moment of inertia
- Greater mass -> Greater MI | - Lower Mass -> Easier to change rate of rotation
35
Example of Mass effecting Moment of inertia
- High board diving | - need low mass in order to rotate
36
How does Distribution of mass effect moment of inertia
-further mass moves from axis -> lower MI
37
Example of DOM effecting Moment of inertia
-Tucked somersault
38
MI effect on Angular Velocity if MI is high
-If MI is high(resistance to rotation high) -> AV is low(rate of spin low)
39
MI effect on Angular Velocity if MI is low
-If MI is low(resistance to rotation low) -> AV is high(rate of spin fast)
40
Conservation of Angular Momentum
-Angular momentum is conserved quantity which remains constant unless external force acted upon it
41
Angular Analogue of Newton's first law of motion
- Angular equivalent of NL1 | - Rotating body will continue to turn about an axis with constant AM unless acted upon by eccentric force
42
Fluid Mechanics
-study of forces acting on a body travelling through air/water
43
Four main factors that affect air resistance (AR) and drag
1) Velocity 2) Frontal-cross sectional area 3) Streamlining and shape 4) Surface characteristics
44
How does Velocity effect AR and Drag
-Greater velocity -> Greater force of AR/Drag
45
How does Frontal-cross sectional area effect AR and Drag
-Lower crouched reduces AR and Drag
46
How does Streamlining and Shape effect AR and Drag
-More aerodynamic, the lower the AR or Drag
47
How does Surface Characteristics effect AR and Drag
-Increased smoothness minimises Drag
48
Projectile Motion
-movement of a body through air following a curved flight path under the force of gravity
49
Projectile
-Body that is launched into the air losing contact with ground surface
50
4 Factors effecting Horizontal distance travelled
1) Speed of Release 2) Angle of Release 3) Height of Release 4) Aerodynamic factors
51
Speed of relate effect of Horizontal distance
- NL2 | - greater outgoing speed - further it will travel
52
Angle of release effect on Horizontal distance
-45 degrees optimum angle
53
Height of release effect on Horizontal distance
-45 degrees optimum if release and landing height equal
54
Aerodynamic factors effect on Horizontal distance
-Bernouli and Magnus effect
55
Parabolic
-uniform curve symmetrical about its highest point
56
Parabolic flight path
-flight path symmetrical about its highest point caused by dominant force of weight on a projectile
57
Non parabolic flight path
-flight path asymmetrical about its highest point caused by dominant force of AR on projectile
58
When will a parabolic flight path occur
-If weight is dominant force and AR is very small
59
When will a non-parabolic flight path occur
-if AR is dominant force and weight is small
60
Example of parabolic flight path
-shot put
61
Example of non-parabolic flight path
-badminton
62
Bernoulli's Principle
-higher the velocity of air flow, lower the surrounding pressure
63
Aerofoil
- Streamlined shape - Curved upper surface - Flat lower surface - Designed to give additional lift force
64
Lift Force
-additional force created by pressure gradient forming on opposing surfaces of aerofoil moving through fluid
65
Angle of Attack
-the most favourable angle of release for a projectile to optimise lift force due to Bernoulli's principle
66
Effect of aerofoil
-as velocity inc -> pressure decreases
67
Magnus force
-force created from a pressure gradient on opposing surfaces of a spinning body moving through the air
68
Slice
-type of sidespin use to deviate flightpath to the right
69
Hook
-type of sidespin used to deviate flightpath to the left
70
4 types of Spin
- Topspin - Backspin - Sidespin hook - Sidespin slice
71
Topspin
- Eccentric force applied above COM | - Projectile spin downwards around transverse axis
72
Backspin
- Eccentric force applied below COM | - Projectile spin upwards around transverse axis
73
Slice
- Eccentric force applied right of COM | - Projectile spins left around longitudinal axis
74
Hook
- Eccentric force applied left of COM | - Projectile spins right around longitudinal axis
75
Topspin rotation
-creates a downwards Magnus force, shortening flight path
76
Backspin rotation
-creates a upwards Magnus force, lengthening flight path
77
Hook Spin effect
- Air flow opposes motion - Ball rotates to left (high velocity/low pressure) - Ball rotates against air flow (low velocity/high pressure) - Pressure gradient is formed - Magnus force deviates flight path to the left
78
Slice Spin effect
- Air flow opposes motion - Ball rotates to the right (high velocity/low pressure) - Ball rotates against air flow (low velocity/high pressure) - Pressure gradient is formed - Magnus force deviates flight path to the right

A level PE (13 decks)

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