Anatomy and Physiology 1.1a

Question 1

Structure of Ligament?

Answer 1

Tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue

Question 2

Function of Ligament?

Answer 2

Connects bone to bone and stabilises joints

Question 3

Structure of Synovial Fluid?

Answer 3

Lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity

Question 4

Function of Synovial Fluid?

Answer 4

Reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage

Question 5

Structure of Cartilage?

Answer 5

Smooth tissue which covers the surface articulating bones

Question 6

Function of Cartilage?

Answer 6

Absorbs shock and allows friction-free movement

Question 7

Structure of Capsule?

Answer 7

A fibrous sac with inner synovial membrane

Question 8

Function of Capsule?

Answer 8

Encloses and strengthens the joint secreting synovial fluid

Question 9

Three Planes of Movement?

Answer 9

Saggital, Frontal and Transverse

Question 10

Saggital Plane?

Answer 10

Divides the body into left and right

Question 11

Frontal Plane?

Answer 11

Divides the body into anterior/posterior (back/front)

Question 12

Transverse Plane?

Answer 12

Divides body into upper and lower

Question 13

Movements in Saggital Plane?

Answer 13

Flexion
Extension
Dorsi Flexion
Plantar Flexion

Question 14

Movements in Frontal Plane?

Answer 14

Abduction

Adduction

Question 15

Movements in Transverse Plane?

Answer 15

Horizontal extension
Horizontal flexion
Rotation

Question 16

Ball and Socket Joint?

Answer 16

Shoulder and Hip

Question 17

Hinge Joint?

Answer 17

Elbow, Knee and Ankle

Question 18

Condyloid Joint?

Answer 18

Wrist

Question 19

Saggital Movement at Ball and Socket?

Answer 19

Flexion and Extension

Question 20

Frontal Movement at Ball and Socket Joint?

Answer 20

Abduction and Adduction

Question 21

Transverse Movement at Ball and Socket Joint?

Answer 21

Horizontal Flexion and extension and Dorsi/Plantar Flexion

Question 22

Saggital Movement at Hinge Joint?

Answer 22

Flexion and Extension and Dorsi/Plantar Flexion

Question 23

Agonist muscle function?

Answer 23

Shorten to create movement

Question 24

Antagonist Muscle function?

Answer 24

Lengthens to coordinate movement

Question 25

Type of Flexion at Wrist?

Answer 25

Wrist Flexors - Agonist | Wrist Extensors - Antagonist

Question 26

Type of Flexion at Elbow?

Answer 26

Biceps Brachii - Agonist | Triceps Brachii - Antagonist

Question 27

Type of Flexion at Shoulder?

Answer 27

Anterior Deltoid - Agonist | Posterior Deltoid - Antagonist

Question 28

Type of Flexion at Hip?

Answer 28

illiopsoas - Agonist | Gluteus Maximus - Antagonist

Question 29

Type of Flexion at Knee?

Answer 29

Biceps Femoris - Agonist | Rectus Femoris - Atagonist

Question 30

Type of Flexion at Ankle?

Answer 30

Tibialis Anterior - Agonist | Gastrocnemius - Antagonist

Question 31

Types of Muscle Contraction?

Answer 31

Concentric, Eccentric and Isometric

Question 32

Concentric?

Answer 32

Muscles Shortens to produce tension

Question 33

Eccentric?

Answer 33

Muscle Lengthens to produce tension

Question 34

Isometric?

Answer 34

Muscle contracts but does not change length and no movement is created

Question 35

Muscle contraction steps

Answer 35

1. Nerve Impulse Initiated 2. NI conducted down Axon to synaptic Cleft 3. Neurotransmitter called Acetylcholine secreted into synaptic cleft to conduct nerve impulse across gap 4. If charge is above threshold then contraction

Question 36

What are Motor Neurones?

Answer 36

Specialised cells which transmit nerve impulses

Question 37

3 Types of Fibre Types?

Answer 37

Slow Oxidative - SO Fast Oxidative Glycolytic - FOG Fast Glycolytic - FG

Question 38

Slow Oxidative Structural Characteristics?

Answer 38

``` Neutron size SMALL Fibres per Neuron FEW Capillary Den HIGH Mitochondria Dens HIGH Myoglobin Dens HIGH Phosphocreatine LOW ```

Question 39

Slow Oxidative Functional Characteristics?

Answer 39

``` Contraction Speed Slow Contraction Force Low Fatigue Resistance High Aerobic Capacity High Anaerobic Capacity Low ```

Question 40

Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Structural Characteristics?

Answer 40

``` Neutron size Large Fibres per Neuron Many Capillary Den High Mitochondria Dens Moderate Myoglobin Dens Moderate Phosphocreatine High ```

Question 41

Fast Oxidative Glycolytic Functional Characteristics?

Answer 41

``` Contraction Speed Fast Contraction Force High Fatigue Resistance Moderate Aerobic Capacity Moderate Anaerobic Capacity Moderate ```

Question 42

Fast Glycolytic Structure Characteristics?

Answer 42

``` Neutron size Large Fibres per Neuron Many Capillary Den Low Mitochondria Dens Low Myoglobin Dens Low Phosphocreatine High ```

Question 43

Fast Glycolytic Functional Characteristics?

Answer 43

``` Contraction Speed Fast Contraction Force High Fatigue Resistance Low Aerobic Capacity Low Anaerobic Capacity High ```

Question 44

What do Motor Neurones consist of

Answer 44

- Nerve cells (brains or spinal cords) | - Transmit nerve impulses to a group of muscle fibres

Question 45

Motor end plates

Answer 45

-connect group of muscle fibres to the axon of motor neurones

Question 46

Axon

Answer 46

-extension of motor neurones that connect the main cell and muscle fibres

Question 47

Motor Unit

Answer 47

- Motor neurone and the muscle fibres that it activates | - Strength of contraction is determined by how many units are recruited

Question 48

All or None law

Answer 48

-Either all muscle fibres contract or not

Question 49

Action Potential

Answer 49

-postive electrical charge inside nerve/muscles cells which conducts nerve impulse down motor neurone into muscle fibres

Question 50

Neuromuscular junction

Answer 50

-point where axons motor end plates meet muscle fibre

Question 51

Synaptic Cleft

Answer 51

-gap between motor plate and muscle fibre

Question 52

Neurotransmitter

Answer 52

- Action potential cannot cross synapse without Acetylcholine - secreted by neurone in synapse helping action potential