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Food and Nutrition 1030 > Lecture 10 - Weight Management: Overweight & Obesity > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Weight Management: Overweight & Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

Where is fat stored?

A

Fat cells are stored in adipose tissue

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2
Q

What does body fat reflect?

A

Depending on what it looks like can reflect the number and size of fat cells

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3
Q

When do fat cells grow the most?

A

In growing years they grow the most rapidly

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4
Q

What is adipose tissue similar to?

A

An endocrine system

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5
Q

What determines how our fat cells grow?

A

It is genetically predisposed

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6
Q

What happens when fat cells die off?

A

They don’t really die off, they shrink

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7
Q

Which demographic has a higher level of fat cells?

A

Obese individuals have more fat cells

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8
Q

How are fat cells developed?

A

When energy in > energy out

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9
Q

What happens when enlargement of fat cells becomes too much for adipose tissues?

A

Fat may accumulate in other areas of the body

-visceral

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10
Q

What happens to fat cells when energy out > energy in?

A
  • Fat cell size decreases, there is no change in the NUMBER of fat cells
  • ectopic fat decreases
  • Adipokine profile begins to improve with as little as 5% weight loss
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11
Q

What is LPL’s role in fat cell metabolism?

A

LPL takes up triglycerides into tissues

-LPL activity is increased in obese people

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12
Q

What does LPL levels depend on ?

A

Genetics and where you store your fat

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13
Q

What happens to LPL activity when you lose weight?

A

LPL activity increases

  • is it released when fat cells shrink because the body thinks its not getting enough energy, so they shrink in hopes to regain the weight
  • very efficient at regaining the weight
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14
Q

What is the set point theory?

A

The body likes to maintain homeostasis

-body tries to adjust to original weight either by increasing metabolism or decrease LPL activity

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15
Q

What are the main causes of overweight and obesity?

A

Genetics: determine preposition to obesity

  • genetics interact with diet and physical activity
  • physical activity can minimize the genetic influence on body weight

Epigenetics

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16
Q

What is Leptin?

A

Act as a hormones in the hypothalamus to maintain homeostasis and promotes a negative energy balance

  • supresses appetite
  • increases energy expenditure
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17
Q

What is leptins nickname?

A

The obese genes

  • produced in adipose tissue
  • codes for the leptin protein
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18
Q

What is leptin resistance?

A
  • Production levels increase/decrease with BMI

- Does not suppress appetite or enhance energy expenditure

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19
Q

What increases leptin resistance?

A

Excessive fracture consumption induces leptin resistance and accelerates fat storage

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20
Q

What is Ghrelin?

A

Protein made in the stomach to stimulate appetite by actin on the hypothalamus

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21
Q

How do levels of Ghrelin vary?

A

Levels increase after weight loss

  • lack of sleep increases and decreases levels
  • we are sensitive to effects regardless of weight
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22
Q

What happens if you lose the ability to produce leptin?

A

Ghrelin will still be produced and at an even higher level

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23
Q

What is the cause of obesity and overweight ?

A 
Physical inactivity 
Childhood weight
Behavioural factors 
-food choices
-hunger vs appetite
Social factors
-expectation of body types
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24
Q

What is the DRI for physical activity?

A

60 mins of moderate activity to prevent weight gain

150 min of moderate-vigorous activity per week for health benefits

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25
Q

Why doesn’t exercise lead to weight loss?

A

Because NEAT accounts for those excessed calories, so exercise is just for health benefits

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26
Q

What is food?

A 
Essential for life
Symbol of culture
Ritual object
Product to be purchased
Cause pleasure, guilt and shame
27
Q

What are the physiological influences of food?

A 
Sight
Smell 
Sound
Texture
Taste
28
Q

Evolutionarilty speaking, why do we eat food?

A

For energy purposes

-as a rule of thumb if it tastes good we can consume it can it can’t harm us

29
Q

Which is a stronger influence, hunger or satiety mechanisms?

A

Hunger is stronger for survival reasons. Satiety is more easily overridden

30
Q

What is hunger?

A

Prompts people to eat

31
Q

What sends the signal of satiety?

A

Hypothalamus tells us we are full

32
Q

Why do we tent to like sweeter things?

A

We are born with the unlearned preference for sweet things

-this taking to sweetness remains throughout the lifecycle

33
Q

Why do we have a tendency to like fatty things?

A

Contributes to texture and increases palatability of other foods and tastes

34
Q

How do we learn food preferences?

A

Is a learned behaviour based on +/- responses

Largely based on culture you were raised in

35
Q

What increases food acceptance/preferences?

A

Repeated exposure

36
Q

What is a phsycological factor in the role of learning food?

A

Food as a reward of punishment

-enticing individuals to consume these foods when high fat/sugar foods are already triggering the pleasure centres

37
Q

How does the environment affect food?

A

The environment that we are in and all circumstances that we encounter daily interacts will our genes

38
Q

What is over eating due to?

A

abundance of high kcal, inexpensive, tasty, advertised food

  • convenience
  • large serving size
  • ready to go meals
39
Q

What are some events that we associate food with?

A

Baseball games
Movies
Birthday Parties
Holidays

40
Q

Why is commodifying food bad?

A

Processed food with added sugar and fat are

  • cheaper to make and transport
  • last longer
  • offers a days worth of kcal for 1-2$
41
Q

Which groups are affected by income when it comes to food choices?

A

Children
Seniors
Aboriginals
-not enough money to buy healthy foods

42
Q

What is the most important barrier to healthy eating?

A

Inadequate income

43
Q

What is the poverty obesity paradox?

A

Incomes is a social determine of health and an important predictor of health
1. Food insecurity
2. undernutrition and over nutrition
3. Malnutrition
Micronutrient deficiency a d obesity& NCDs

44
Q

Who is affected by food marketing?

A

Everyone

-people may think they are immune but they are not

45
Q

Who receives food marketing the best?

A

Children 8 years and up

  • under they don’t understand the internet of the message
  • under 4 can’t differentiate between TV and commercials
46
Q

When is weightless recommended?

A
  • When 2 ore more risk factors for disease exist

- When a life threatening disease is present

47
Q

What is the biggest key to success for weight loss?

A

Adhearence: I want to do it

Self advocacy: I can do it

Willpower

48
Q

What are perceptions of obsession people that would deter them from trying to lose weight if they have to?

A 
Discrimination
Appearance judgement
Laziness 
Lack of self control
Psychological problems
49
Q

What are the drug treatments for obesity?

A

Orlistat: inhibits pancreatic lipase activity

Phentermine & diethylpropion: norepinephrine enhancers which decrease food intake

50
Q

What do strategies for weightless depend on?

A

Degree of obesity

Risk of disease

51
Q

What is Roux-En-Y gastric bypass?

A

Attaching the jejunum to the stomach, bypassing most of the stomach and the duodenum
-stomach pouch is 30-60ml

52
Q

What is the problem with Roux-En-Y?

A

Many nutrients are absorbed in the duodenum, can lead to deficiencies

Highest risk of complication

53
Q

What is the good part about Roux-En-Y?

A

Lowest failure rate

54
Q

What is a gastric sleeve?

A

Portion of the stomach (top to bottom) is removed

  • Stomach functions normally and sphincters remain intack
  • size is 100-150ml
55
Q

What is the downside tot he gastric sleeve?

A

Reduced the production of Ghrelin

56
Q

What are 3 things to do to make sure the weight stays off?

A
  1. Keep a food record
  2. Walk 150 minutes minimum/week
  3. Self weigh periodically
57
Q

What is one thing that is hard for people to come to terms with in losing weight?

A

Setting reasonable goals

-people aren’t happy because they were unsuccessful but their expectation was unrealistic

58
Q

What are reasonable weight goals?

A

Small changes
Moderate losses
10% bodyweight in 6 month

59
Q

When do you see health benefits occur with weightless?

A

When modest weight loss (5-10% of body weight)

60
Q

What are weightless strategies for eating plans?

A

Realistic energy intake
Avoid starvation and deprivation
Eat small portions
WATER

61
Q

What are weightless strategies for behaviours and attitudes?

A
  • Behaviour modifications (positive, matter of fact)
  • Keep records of behaviours
  • Change behaviour (small, practice, reward)
62
Q

What does it mean when your body is plateau-ing?

A

Body is adjusting to new weight

63
Q

What takes more effort, prevention or gaining?

A

More effort to prevent the weight regain than to prevent weigh gain

64
Q

What does political will have too do with healthy eating?

A

They have the capacity to make large scale changes to promote healthy behaviours

  • food guide
  • %daily value
  • Nutrition facts table

Food and Nutrition 1030 (20 decks)

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