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Food and Nutrition 1030 > Lecture 17 - Adults and Aging > Flashcards

Lecture 17 - Adults and Aging Flashcards

1
Q

What are some nutrients that affect immunity?

A

Fatty acids
Protein
Fe, Selenium, Zn
Vit A, B6, C, E, Folate

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2
Q

What does the immune system respond to the most?

A

Most sensitivity to changes in nutritional status

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3
Q

What compromises nutritional health in terms of our immune system?

A

Our nutrient needs increase while our food intake often decreases trying to fight an infection
-leads to a downward spiral that must be broken for recovery to occur

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4
Q

How might you look out for aml nutrition in the older population?

A

Look for how long their sickness period is and how severe it gets

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5
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Response to infection or injury

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6
Q

What is acute inflammation ?

A
  • Increased blood flow and increased white blood cell count to the site
  • Phagocytes engulf microbes
  • Oxidative products are released to kill microbes
  • Fights infections to promote recovery
  • helpful for us
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7
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

Everything about acute and

  • Sustained inflammation can perpetuate chronic disease
  • all that constantly being active and released over a long period of time
  • end up damaging the tissues due to free radicals being released constantly
  • very harmful and damaging
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8
Q

What happens during chronic inflammation?

A
  • Damages cells lining the blood vessels
  • Immune system sends macrophages
  • LDL cholesterol becomes trapped and engulfed by macrophage
  • Macrophages swell and eventually become cells of plaque
  • plaque encourages blood clotting
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9
Q

What is a chronic disease that is due to malnutrition?

A

Cancer
Heart disease
Diabetes Melitus
Strokes

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10
Q

How is COPD linked to malnutrition?

A

It is a lung capacity problem

  • people are usually overweight
  • smokers
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11
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

Is usually a combination of 3 or more of:

  • Abdominal obesity (waist male: 102 cm and females 89cm)
  • Triglycerides: greater than 1.7mmol/L
  • HDL: less than 1.03 males and females 1.3
  • BP: greater than 130/85
  • Fasting glucose: greater than 6.1mmol/L
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12
Q

What is the relation between a diet high in saturated fatty acids, in Na and chronic disease?

A

Saturated fattyacids: There is a claim that medium and shorter chain fatty acids aren’t as bad for you ebcasye they re more readily absorbed

Na: higher Na leads to an increase in BP which can lead to hypertention

Genetics mostly determine this

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13
Q

What are the main diets to help with metabolic syndrome ?

A

Mediterranean: because of olive oil

DASH: reduce Na by consuming whole grains and proteins

Portfolio diet: taking pieces from all kinds of diets and putting them together

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14
Q

How is type 2 diabetes maintained ?

A
  • Consistant monitoring of glucose
  • eat at least 1/2 whole grains
  • Sugar need not be avoided
  • Limit saturated fat intake to <7%
  • Protein intake as currently consumed
  • alcohol in moderation
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15
Q

How does diet affect cancer indicators?

A

consuming these are linked to 1/3 of all cases

  • high intake of alcohol
  • Grilling over direct flame
  • Diets high in processed meat consumption
  • Fried foods
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16
Q

In terms of cancer indicators, what about carcinogens are we more concerned about?

A

For most it is the process of the food prep that causes the carcinogens

  • charing of grilled meat
  • Frying byproduct is from the starches
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17
Q

What are some cancer promoters?

A

Animal fats and some vegetable fats

18
Q

What are some cancer anti-promoters?

A

Fruits and veggies (antioxidants, polyphenols)
Garlic (anti-inflammatory)
Omega 3s

19
Q

Why is inflammation a good thing?

A

Plays a crucial role in protecting our bodies from forge in invaders
-chronic inflammation can lead to chronic disease development

20
Q

Why is the aging population of concern?

A

In 2036 there will be 10.4 million Canadians above the age of 65.
-we will be required to do more for them with the same budget

21
Q

What is the main thing to help agin adults?

A

Nutritious diet, regular physical activity throughout life can help prevent or delay the onset of chronic disease and help keep adults happy and productive in their later years

22
Q

Because there is such diversity in older adults, what can disease be attributed too?

A

Genetics
Aging
Environmental factors

23
Q

Can you avoid aging?

A

Not really, it is programmed in our genes but slowed by our lifestyle

24
Q

What are the main observations in older adults healthy habits?

A
  • Eating well balanced meals
  • Engaging in physical activity
  • Not smoking
  • Sleeping regularly
  • Maintaining healthy body weight
  • Absence or moderate use of alcohol
25
Q

Why is physical activity good for older adults?

A
  • increase flexibility, balance, posture, and mobility

- most powerful indicator of mobility in later years

26
Q

Why do we see declines in muscle mass and strength as we age?

A

increased vulnerability to falls

Potential loss of independence

27
Q

What happens when you restrict 30% of usual calories as you get older?

A

Longer life expectancy by 3 years
-likelyhood of a better quality of life due to less free radicals

On the other hand eating the same amount of cals but higher in antioxidant proves to do the same thing

28
Q

Why is reducing oxidative stress a good thing?

A

Increases antioxidant activity and DNA repair

-can be similar to those following antioxidant and phytochemical rich diet

29
Q

As you age, is it better to be over or under weight?

A

Over BMI greater than 27

Low can be more of an issue

  • may be a signal of malnutrition
  • unprepared to fight against disease
30
Q

What happens to body composition as you age?

A

Decrease in bone and muscle mass(sarcopenia)

Increase in fat stores

Loss of mobility and balance

31
Q

What happens to the GI tract as you age?

A
  • Intestinal wall loses strength and elasticity
  • Alterations in GI secretions
  • Slows motility, leads to constipation
  • Dysphagia (unable to swallow)
  • Atrophic gastritis (caused by inflamed stomach, bacterial over growth, lack of HCl and intrinsic factor)
32
Q

What happens to your mouth as you age?

A

Tooth loss

  • difficult and painful chewing
  • limited food selection (especially if you have dentures)
  • lower intake of fibre, vitamins and nutrients found in meat cause you have to be able to chew these)

Loss of olfactory senses, decreases the enjoyment you get out of food

33
Q

What are other changes in your life when you age?

A

Psychological changes (depression)

Economic changes

Social Changes (hospital, nursing home, malnutrition)

34
Q

Why are setting DRI ranges for older populations hard?

A
  • Need to take into account decreased metabolic activity
  • Medications
  • How they are getting their food
  • Existing diseases
35
Q

How is water consumption affected at an older age?

A

Thirst response diminishes (normally only feel thirsty when you are already dehydrated= significant loss of water)

  • total water intake decreases
  • higher risks associated with dehydration
36
Q

What % do energy needs decline by as you age?

A

Each decade there is a decrease in 5% energy intake because of:

  • decrease physical activity and
  • BMR
  • thyroid hormones

nutrient need remains high though

37
Q

How does nutrition affect the aging brain?

A

Mediterranean diet helps delay the diagnosis and progression of symptoms of Alzheimer’s
-probably due to the strength in antioxidants and amount of olive oil consumed

38
Q

What is screen?

A 
Seniors in the 
Community 
Risk
Evaluation for 
Eating and 
Nutrition 
-to determine malnutrition in the community
39
Q

What are the 9 D’s for geriatric weight loss?

A 
Drugs
Disease
Depression
Dementia
Dysphagia 
Dysgeusia
Dentition
Diarrhea
Dysfunction
40
Q

What % of Canadians over the age of 65 are at nutritional risk?

A

34%

  • Most common in women
  • half will end up in the hospital
  • due to the the 9Ds
41
Q

Why do older people not too so well when they are sick/injured?

A

They get worse, stay longer, more likely to get reemitted in 30 days ( continued malnutrition not addressed after discharge)

42
Q

What are strategies for older adults who are underweight to gain weight?

A

Balance and adequacy

  • energy dense foods
  • regular meals and snacks
  • nutrient dense caloric beverages
  • Exercise

Food and Nutrition 1030 (20 decks)

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