Semester Exam: macromolecules/ functions

Question 1

carbohydrates

Answer 1

Sugars and starches
Contain C, H, and O [(CH20)n]
Three classes

Question 2

three classes of carbohydrates

Answer 2

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

Question 3

carbohydrates functions

Answer 3

Major source of cellular fuel (e.g., glucose)

Structural molecules

Question 4

monosaccharides

Answer 4

Simple sugars containing carbon atoms

Question 5

Disaccharides

Answer 5

Double sugars

Too large to pass through cell membranes

Question 6

polysaccharides

Answer 6

Polymers of simple sugars, e.g., starch and glycogen

Not very soluble

Question 7

Lipids

Answer 7

Contain C, H, O, P

insoluable in water

Question 8

main types of lipids

Answer 8

triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Eicosanoids

Question 9

Triglycerides

Answer 9

fats—solid fats and liquid oils

Composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule

Question 10

triglyceride functions

Answer 10

Energy storage
Insulation
Protection

Question 11

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 11

Single bonds between C atoms; maximum number of H

Solid animal fats, butter

Question 12

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 12

One or more double bonds between C atoms
Reduced number of H atoms
Plant oils

Question 13

Phospholipids

Answer 13

Modified triglycerides:
Glycerol + two fatty acids and a phosphorus (P)-containing group
“Head” and “tail” regions have different properties

Question 14

Steroids

Answer 14

Steroids—interlocking four-ring structure

Cholesterol, vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salts

Question 15

Eicosanoids

Answer 15

Many different ones

Derived from a fatty acid (arachidonic acid) in cell membranes

Question 16

Other fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 16

Vitamins A, E, and K

Question 17

lipoproteins

Answer 17

Transport fats in the blood

Question 18

Proteins

Answer 18

Polymers of amino acids (20 types)
Joined by peptide bonds
Contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S and P

Question 19

Fibrous (structural) proteins

Answer 19

Strandlike, water insoluble, and stable

Examples: keratin, elastin, collagen, and certain contractile fibers

Question 20

Globular (functional) proteins

Answer 20

Compact, spherical, water-soluble and sensitive to environmental changes
Specific functional regions (active sites)
Examples: antibodies, hormones, molecular chaperones, and enzymes