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Anatomy > digestive system > Flashcards

digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Digestion

A

The chemical and mechanical breaking down of food molecules

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2
Q

digestive system

A

organs that collectively perform the breaking down of food

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3
Q

six essential activities of the digestive system

A 
ingestion
propulsion
mechanical digestion
chemical digestion
absorption
defecation
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4
Q

ingestion

A

bring in food

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5
Q

propulsion

A

mixing and moving food

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6
Q

mechanical digestion

A

break down into smaller pieces to aid chemical digestion

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7
Q

chemical digestion

A

acids and enzymes break food into monomers

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8
Q

absorption

A

absorb monomers into blood/lymph

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9
Q

defecation

A

eliminate unused material (feces)

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10
Q

Mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors

A

Respond to stretch, changes in osmolarity and pH, and presence of substrate and end products of digestion
Complex of nerves in the walls of GI tract

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11
Q

Mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors Initiate reflexes that

A

Activate or inhibit digestive glands

Stimulate smooth muscle to mix and move lumen contents

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12
Q

Two Groups of organs of digestion

A 
Gastrointestinal Tract (GI Tract)/Alimentary Canal
Accessory Structures
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13
Q

Gastrointestinal Tract (GI Tract)/Alimentary Canal

A

Begins with mouth – ends at anus

Mouth, pharynx,esophagus,stomach,small intestine, large intestine

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14
Q

Accessory Structures

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas

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15
Q

Hepatic portal circulation

A

Drains nutrient-rich blood from digestive organs

Delivers it to the liver for processing

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16
Q

wall of GI tract 4 layers

A

mucosa
submucosa
mucularis
serosa and peritoneum

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17
Q

mucosa

A

inner lining,mucous membrane
Epithelium, lamina propria, smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae); functions to protect, secrete hormones, enzymes and lubricating mucus, and absorb nutrients.

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18
Q

lamina propia

A

propria contains capillaries to absorb and MALT (mucosa associated lymphatic tissue) for defense against infection

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19
Q

Submucosa

A

consists of areolar connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscle layer; gives elastic property to tract; contains chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors

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20
Q

Muscularis

A

thick layer of muscle
Smooth muscle (3 layers) ,inner sheet of circular fibers and outer sheet of longitudinal fibers & nerves
Responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
Sphincters (timing, prevent backflow)

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21
Q

Serosa and Peritoneum

A

outermost layer

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22
Q

serosa

A 
composed of simple squamous epitheleum and connective tissue
Secretes serous (wet) fluid to allow the organs to glide
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23
Q

peritoneum

A

largest serous membrane.
Parietal – lines wall of abdominal cavity
Visceral – outer layer of some organs (all but retroperitoneal organs)

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24
Q

mesentary

A

double layer of peritoneum
Routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
Holds organs in place and stores fat
binds small intestine to posterior abdominal wall

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25
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

lie posterior to the peritoneum

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26
Q

Intraperitoneal (peritoneal) organs

A

are surrounded by the peritoneum

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27
Q

Falciform ligament

A

attaches liver to anterior abdominal wall

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28
Q

Greater omentum

A

(fat skin) drapes over transverse colon and small intestine

Contains lymph nodes

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29
Q

Lingual Frenulum

A

mucous memb connects underside of tongue to floor over buccal cavity

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30
Q

papillae

A

line tongue on top and sides

Some contain taste buds

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31
Q

Parotid glands location

A

under and in front of ears

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32
Q

submandibular gland location

A

lies beneath base of tongue

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33
Q

sublingual gland location

A

lie in front of submandibular glands

34
Q

Saliva

A

only .5% solutes
Water helps dissolve/mucous sticks it together
amylase, lysozyme

35
Q

amylase function and location

A 
digestive enzyme (carbs / starches)
saliva
36
Q

lysozyme function and lcoation

A

destroys bacteria to protect mucous membrane from infection and the teeth from decay
saliva

37
Q

swallowing stages

A

voluntary stage
pharyngeal stage
esophageal stage

38
Q

voluntary stage

A

bolus is forced by tongue to oropharynx

39
Q

pharyngeal stage

A

(involuntary) breathing interrupted, soft palate closes nasopharynx, epiglottis closes off larynx, vocal cords close

40
Q

esophageal stage

A

food pushed by peristalysis , circular muscles contract while longitudinal muscles relax
HCL can back up into lower esophagus, heartburn

41
Q

cardia

A

surrounds superior opening of stomach

42
Q

fundus

A

above and left of cardia on stomach

43
Q

body

A

large central portion of stomach

44
Q

pylorus

A

narrow inferior region of the stomach

45
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

valve between pyloris and duodenum

46
Q

stomach wall four layer modification

A

Rugae
Mucous surface cells line stomach (non-ciliated)
gastric pits are formed from epithelial cells
Gastric glands are located inside these pits
3 types of Exocrine gland cells compose this

47
Q

chyme function and location

A

food mixed with the secretions of the gastric glands turned into a thin liquid
stomach

48
Q

pepsin function and location

A

digestive enzymes that break down proteins in chmye (most effective in PH2)
stomach

49
Q

what stimulates digestion

A

Distention (stretch), increase in pH, and presence of partially digested materials stimulate digestion to begin.
parasympathetic impulses promote peristalsis and stimulate glands to secrete

50
Q

3 Phases of Gastric Secretion

A

Cephalic
gastric
intestinal

51
Q

cephalic

A

salivating

52
Q

gastric

A

stomach acids

53
Q

intestinal

A

excitatory and inhibitory hormones control release of gastric juices

54
Q

Enterogastric reflex

A

when chyme enters duodenum, a series of reflex reactions occur to inhibit acid secretion (hormones called enterogastrones)

55
Q

Inhibition of digestion

A 
presence of food in the small intestine inhibits parasympathetic stimulation and stimulates sympathetic activity.
negative emotions (anger) may also slow down digestion
56
Q

gastric inhibitory peptide

A

inhibits gastric secretion

57
Q

secretin

A

decreases gastric secretion

58
Q

cholecystokinin

A

(CCK) inhibits gastric emptying

59
Q

Gastric emptying

A

release of chyme from the stomach into the duodenum
empties all contents of stomach w/in 2-6 hours of ingestion
regulated by nervous/hormonal controls

60
Q

chyme does what for gastric emptying

A

chyme in duodenum generates reflex to slow gastric emptying

61
Q

ranking of carbs proteins and fats in time in stomach

A

carbs spend the least time in the stomach
proteins spend longer time
Triglycerides (fats) spend the most time

62
Q

pancreatic amylase

A

digests carbohydrates

in pancreas

63
Q

trypsin/chymotrypsin function and location

A

digests proteins

pancreas

64
Q

pancreatic lipase function and location

A

digests triglycerides

pancreas

65
Q

ribonuclease/deoxyribonuclease function and location

A

digests nucleic acids

pancreas

66
Q

Liver

A

produces bile, weighs about 3 pounds, located under the diaphragm-rt side of the body
divided into right and left lobes by the falciform ligament
lobes divided into lobules

67
Q

sinusoids

A

sinusoids-capillary beds through which blood passes
lined with stellate reticuloendothelial cells that destroy worn out white and red blood cells, bacteria and toxic substances

68
Q

Hepatocytes

A

produce bile

69
Q

common bile duct

A

common hepatic duct joins the cystic duct

70
Q

gall bladder

A

Located under liver

Functions in storage until needed in small intestine

71
Q

Bile

A

Excretory product and digestive secrection
Salts aid in emulsification
Conversion of triglyceride globules into droplets and absorption of triglycerides following their digestion

72
Q

Bilirubin

A

principal bile pigment

broken down into intestines and color of feces

73
Q

functions of liver

A 
Carbohydrate Metabolism 
Lipid Metabolism (store and break down) 
Protein Metabolism (synthesize and convert)
Synthesis of Bile
Storage – vitamins and minerals
Phagocytosis
Activation of Vitamin D
74
Q

Carbohydrate Metabolism

A

convert glucose to glycogen when sugar level is high and breakdown glycogen to glucose when sugar is low

75
Q

Duodenum length

A

10 inches

76
Q

jejunum

A

Jejunum (1meter) means empty – more muscular and vascular than ileum; more villi and plicae circulares than duodenum

77
Q

ileum

A

(2 meters) joins colon at Ileocecal junction

78
Q

What is digested in the Sm. Int.?

A

Carbs, fats (bile needed)
Proteins continue to break down here (started in stomach)
Small intestine relies largely on the liver and pancreas to produce enzymes, bile, ions, etc., for digestion to occur

79
Q

acessory organs

A

salivary glands
liver
gallbladder
pancreas

80
Q

alimentary canal structures

A 
mouth
pharynx
esophogus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum 
anus

Anatomy (29 decks)

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