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Biology A-level > Immunity system > Flashcards

Immunity system Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity is protection…

A

against disease provided by the immune system.

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2
Q

External defence system:

A
  • epithelia in airways
  • hydrochloric acid in the stomach
  • blood clotting
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3
Q

Internal defence system consists of…

A

the white blood cells.

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4
Q

An immune response is…

A

the response of lymphocytes to the presence of a foreign antigen.

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5
Q

Phagocytes are produced in…

A

the bone marrow and are stored there.

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6
Q

Phagocytes act as scavengers, so…

A

they remove dead cells and invasive foreign microorganisms.

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7
Q

Two types of phagocytes:

A

Macrophages and neutrophils

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8
Q

Neutrophils travel around…

A

the body and patrol the tissues. They can squeeze through the walls of capillaries.

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9
Q

Neutrophils are released in…

A

large numbers form their stores. They are short-lived cells.

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10
Q

Neutrophil’s nucleus is…

A

granular.

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11
Q

Macrophages are larger than…

A

neutrophils.

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12
Q

Macrophages are found in…

A

organs(lymph, nodes, lungs)

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13
Q

Macrophages are made in…

A

bone marrow, travel as monocytes and develop in macrophages.

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14
Q

Macrophages are long…

A

lived cells.

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15
Q

Macrophages initiate the immune…

A

response by cutting the pathogen to display antigens that are recognised by lymphocytes.

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16
Q

Every pathogen releases…

A

histamine which attracts neutrophils.

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17
Q

Antigens on the surface of the pathogen stimulate…

A

the neutrophils to attack as the receptor proteins on the surface of the neutrophils recognise the antigen molecule.

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18
Q

A pathogen is engulfed by…

A

neutrophil in the process of endocytosis.

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19
Q

Lysosome containing…

A

digestive enzymes fuses with vacuole containing pathogen inside the cell.

20
Q

When neutrophil dies…

A

pus is formed.

21
Q

Neutrophil can destroy more than one…

A

pathogen.

22
Q

The pathogens can be recognised due to…

A

proteins, glycoproteins, lipids, polysaccharides and the waste materials produced by the pathogen.

23
Q

An antigen is any molecule…

A

which the body recognises as foreign.

24
Q

Antibodies are…

A

glycoproteins that act against specific antigens.

25
Q

Chemotaxis is the movement of…

A

neutrophils towards a chemical stimulus.

26
Q

Lymphocytes have a large…

A

nucleus that fills most of the cell.

27
Q

B-lymphocytes remain in…

A

the bone marrow until they are mature and then spread throughout the body, concentrating in lymph nodes and the spleen.

28
Q

T-lymphocytes leave…

A

the bone marrow and collect in the thymus where they mature.

29
Q

The thymus is a gland that…

A

lies in the chest just beneath the sternum.

30
Q

During the maturation process many different…

A

types of B and T lymphocytes are produced. Each type is specialised to respond to one antigen.

31
Q

B and T cells circulate…

A

between the blood and lymph. This ensures that they are distributed throughout the whole body.

32
Q

Immune responses depend on…

A

B and T cells interacting with each other.

33
Q

As the B cell matures it gains…

A

ability to make just only one type of antibody molecule.

34
Q

As the B cells are maturing…

A

the genes that code for antibodies change in many ways to code for different antibodies.

35
Q

A clone is…

A

small group of identical cells.

36
Q

Clonal selection is…

A

when a small number of B cells with complementary receptors to foreign antigen divide by mitosis.

37
Q

Some of the activated B cells become…

A

plasma cells and some memory cells.

38
Q

Plasma cells produce…

A

antibodies very quickly.

39
Q

Plasma cells do not…

A

live very long. After a week their number rapidly decreases.

40
Q

Antibodies stay in the blood longer than…

A

plasma cells but their concentration decrease as well over time.

41
Q

Memory cells remain circulating…

A

in the body for a long time.

42
Q

If the antigen enters the body a second time…

A

memory cells divide rapidly and develop into plasma cells and more memory cells. Therefore, infection is removed before any symptoms or signs can develop.

43
Q

The primary response is…

A

slow because at this stage there are few B cells that are specific for the antigen.

44
Q

The secondary response is…

A

faster as there are many memory cells, which can quickly divide.

45
Q

Immunological memory is…

A

the ability of the immune system to quickly respond to foreign antigen after it enters the body again.

Biology A-level (58 decks)

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