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Nutrition y 2 Exam 2 > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Explain why cancer is due to mitochondrial failure.

A

lack of oxygen, nutrients, toxins, stress, leading on cellular defects and mutated genes

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2
Q

Explain what is meant by cancer.

A

unregulated growth is caused by damage to DNA resulting in mutations to genes that control cell division.

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3
Q

What are some cellular considerations associated with cancer?

A

mitochondrial failure, increased DNA damaged, increased activity of chemokines, increased activity of cytokines, increased hormonally, alteration in cell cycle, activation of silent oncogenes, genomic instability

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4
Q

How are cancer cells altered?

A

self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to anti-growth signals, limitless replicative potential, evasion of apoptosis, ability to produce sustained angiogenesis, ability to invade and metastasis.

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5
Q

How does apoptosis influence cancer?

A

apoptosis occurs when stress events damage DNA and cancer is initiated by DNA damage so there must be dysregulation of apoptosis for cancer to occur

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6
Q

What are the 4 stages of cancer?

A

I) early, local tissue
II) spread to surrounding tissues
III) metastasised to lymph nodes
IV) spread to distant organs

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7
Q

What is meant by in situ?

A

abnormal cells but they have stayed in local area

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8
Q

What is meant by localised?

A

cancer is not spread and localised to organ

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9
Q

What is meant by regional?

A

cancer has spread to nearby organs or lymph nodes

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10
Q

What is meant by distant?

A

spread to distant tissue or organs or lymph nodes

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11
Q

What is meant by oncogenes?

A

genes that code for one of the typical behaviour of cancer cells e.g. growth, failure to apoptosis

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12
Q

How do oncogenes become active?

A

mutation or epigenetic modification where gene becomes active

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13
Q

What are 5 environmental lifestyle effect contributing to cancer?

A

smoking, diet, alcohol, infectious agents, environmental pollutants, radiation, stress and emotional issues

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14
Q

What is the cancer volcano?

A

low NK cells, low fat and water soluble antioxidants, leads to production of oncoproteins so cells mitosis happens, then changes cell cycle and gene mutation happens leading to cellular oxidation damage

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15
Q

What are the primary goals of cancer?

A

support tumoricidal effects of allopatric treatment, reduce side effect of treatment and support overall wellness

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16
Q

What are secondary goals of cancer?

A

support immunity, reduce tumour-promoting factors, inhibit metastasis and tumour progression, promote appropriate apoptosis

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17
Q

What dietary promoters increase the risk of cancer?

A

damaged fats, excess protein, calories, sugar and poor omega6:3 ratio (6:1) causes increased oestrogen, insulin, IGF-1, inflammation, up regulate oncogenes

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18
Q

What are some dietary carcinogens (new cancer cell created)?

A

aflatoxins (mouldy food), heterocyclic amines (meat cooked at high temps), N-nitroso compounds (spoiled food and cured meats), PAH (smoked foods)

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19
Q

What can promote cancer cell?

A

excess and damaged fats (further damaged DNA), excess protein (increase IGF-1 so increase cancer cell growth), excess omega 6 (promotes further cancer growth)

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20
Q

Why is red meat a risk for cancer?

A

heterocyclic amines produced when meat is cooked, especially charcoal and smoke curing of meant can be cancerous

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21
Q

What cancer is common with high sugar consumption?

A

pancreatic cancer because increased insulin demand and decreased insulin sensitivity due to hyperglycaemia

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22
Q

What cancer is at risk with high salt diet and high salt food?

A

stomach cancer

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23
Q

What cancers are linked to high levels of aspartame?

A

brain tumours

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24
Q

Explain how aspartame causes damage.

A

aspartame is split into amino acids and methyl group, methyl group is converted to formaldehyde which causes severe damage to NS and immune system and genetics

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25
Q

How much do you need to drink to increase the risk of bowel cancer to 60%

A

more than seven drinks a week

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26
Q

How much wine do you need to increase the risk of breast and colon cancer?

A

1 glass of wine daily increases risk by 10% for colon and 7% for breast

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27
Q

What cancer are you at risk for obesity?

A

colorectal cancer, breast cancer, endometrial cancer,

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28
Q

What are the mechanisms of obesity to cause cancer?

A

excess body fat changes hormone metabolism, oestrogen levels are higher in obese people, excess body fat causes oxidative DNA damage, changes in insulin metabolism, negative effects of immune system

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29
Q

How does leptin lead to cancer?

A

stimulates cell proliferation

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30
Q

How does insulin in excess lead to cancer

A

increase IGF-1 which stimulates cell division

31
Q

How does excess oestrogen lead to cancer?

A

stimulates cell proliferation

32
Q

How does inflammation lead to cancer?

A

promotes angiogenesis and increase cell proliferation

33
Q

How does phytochemical and vitamin C help prevent cancer?

A

block activation of pro carcinogens, increase metabolic carcinogen from precursors, prevent carcinogens interacting with DNA/RNA

34
Q

What needs to increased to prevent cancer?

A

high fibre, adequate protein, adequate calories, whole plant food, good omega6:3 ratio and physical activity

35
Q

What diet is good at preventing cancer?

A

vegetarian diet (88% low colon cancer risk and 54% lower risk of prostate cancer

36
Q

Why are some vegetarian diets not protective?

A

High sat fat, cholesterol and fruit/vege is low

37
Q

What cancers do fibre protect you again?

A

Colorectal, stomach, ovarian, endometrial and breast cancer

38
Q

Why does fibre help protect you from cancer?

A

increases transit time and decreases exposure to carcinogens, reduces oestrogen conc, reduces insulin levels, dilutes bile acids (promote colon carcinogenesis)

39
Q

What are flavonoids good for?

A

potent carcinogen detoxifers (induces detoxification enzymes) and inhibits many cancer (breast cancer cells)

40
Q

What are some example of flavonoids?

A

brussel sprouts, cabbage, apple, pear, broccoli, kale, grapes

41
Q

What are phytonutrients good for?

A

antioxidants, immune stimulants, angiogenesis inhibitors, anti-proliferative agents, promote synthesis of detox enzymes

42
Q

What are some effective diets that prevent cancer?

A

mediterranean diet, vegan diet (low fat with unprocessed plants)

43
Q

Why does a vegan diet help cancer survival?

A

low fat vegan diet increases protein that binds to excess oestrogen’s (SHBG - sex hormone binding globulin) reducing free oestrogen and their ability to stimulate existing tumours

44
Q

What does a low fat vegan do for cancer prevention?

A

full of antioxidants, lower oestrogen, promote detox enzymes, lowers AGE thus oxidative damage, low IGF-1, lowers insulin, low omega 6, stimulates immune response, minimises carcinogen exposure

45
Q

What is gersons therapy?

A

vigorous detoxification with nutrition aimed at restoring natural immunity

46
Q

What dietary things is involved in the gerson’s therapy?

A

organically growth fresh fruits and vegetables and 13 glasses of freshly squeezed juices daily plus coffee enemas several times a day

47
Q

What did Dr Budwig believe cancer was?

A

faulty cell growth and division rather than too much cell division so thought faulty cell division was not enough essential fatty acids in cell membrane

48
Q

How does omega 3 and omega 6 protect with cancer?

A

help maintain health and cell membrane integrity, promote oxygen transport into cells, require to body’s production of prostaglandins

49
Q

What are the 2 ingredients of Budwig diet?

A

flaxseed and quark or cottage cheese

50
Q

Why is going organic best for people with cancer or prevent cancer?

A

conventional agricult has heavy chemical fertiliser which inhibit plant natural production of cancer fighting flavonoids

51
Q

What are the herbs in essiac tea?

A

sheep sorrel, burdock root, slippery elm bark, turkey rhubard root

52
Q

How does vitamin A help cancer?

A

development of both helper T cells and B cells

53
Q

How does vitamin C help cancer?

A

supports phagocytic and cytotoxic activity of NK cells and lymphocytes

54
Q

How does bit E help cancer?

A

increase T cell cytotoxic immune reactions

55
Q

How does zinc help cancer?

A

NK cells destroy cells and interleukin-1 is an immune regulating protein which both depend on zinc

56
Q

How does coQ10 help cancer?

A

enhances NK cells and T cell activity, prevents cellular damage by neutralising free radicals

57
Q

What is a source of beta glucans?

A

medicinal mushrooms

58
Q

Why is beta glucan helpful for cancer?

A

stimulates and strengthens the immune system

59
Q

What are the pre-OP preparations?

A

stop smoking ,reduce caffeine, good protein for wound healing, nutrient supplements

60
Q

What are some post-op recovery preparations?

A

speed up healing, medicinal mushrooms, immune system supportive vitamins and minerals, prevent constipation with fibre and hydration

61
Q

What are some of the effects of chemo?

A

taste and olfactory changes, loss of appetite, nausea, mcuositis, dysphagia, organ dysfunction, leaky gut, electrolyte imbalance

62
Q

What are some side effects of chemo?

A

nausea, vomiting, altered taste, infections, fatigue, lymphodema

63
Q

What are long term side effects of chemo?

A

develop drug resistance, increased risk of secondary cancer, infertility, persistent fatigue, chemo brain

64
Q

What can help with nausea?

A

ginger, acupuncture

65
Q

What can help with fatigue?

A

CoQ10, B vitamins, magnesium, rest, exercise

66
Q

What can help with insomnia?

A

5-HT, chamomile tea, relaxation activities

67
Q

What can help with skin irritation

A

Aloe vera gel, chamomile, vitamin E, coconut oil

68
Q

What to do for diarrhoea?

A

probiotics, slippery elm, grated apple, glutamine, acupuncture

69
Q

What to do for constipation?

A

increased activity, fibre, hydration, natural laxatives, magnesium, vit C, slippery elm, probiotics, water

70
Q

What is radiation do?

A

destroys rapidly dividing cells by damaging DNA

71
Q

What are some side effects of radiation

A

damage to salivary gland, skin irritation, hair loss, urinary problems, fatigue, nausea

72
Q

What is some anti-oestrogen therapy?

A

bone support, joint support, acupuncture, flaxseed, sage tea, avoid triggers for hot flushes, exercise

73
Q

What is associated with breast cancer?

A

high oestrogen increase risk because once oestrogen is metabolised it leaves the breast via the upper quadrant where most cancers occur

74
Q

What is linked to breast cancer?

A

Antiperspirant

Nutrition y 2 Exam 2 (7 decks)

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