Lecture 29 terms

Question 1

a type of hypothesis that takes multiple damaging events to cause neoplastic transformation

Answer 1

Multi-hit hypothesis

Question 2

antigens which are expressed by both normal and tumor cells expressed at the wrong time, place or level

Answer 2

tumor associated antigens

Question 3

antigens expressed only by tumor cells not expressed by healthy cells

Answer 3

tumor specific antigens

Question 4

antigens that serve as normal host molecules that are abnormally expressed and include a wide variety of substances

Answer 4

tumor associated antigens (TAA)

Question 5

antigens that are abnormal molecules like protein and carbs which are not expressed by healthy cells

Answer 5

tumor specific antigens (TSA)

Question 6

proteins and carbs make up this type of TSA

Answer 6

mutated self molecules

Question 7

proteins of oncogenic viruses make up this type of TSA

Answer 7

foreign molecules

Question 8

well defined stages in tumor progression and each stage is accompanied by changes in immunoregulation

Answer 8

tumorigenesis and immunology

Question 9

activation of growth factors, inhibition of apoptosis

Answer 9

dysplasia

Question 10

enzyme production (MMPs, uPA) by local inflammatory cells

Answer 10

invasion

Question 11

increased production of angiogenic cytokines (VEGF, FGF, PDGF)

Answer 11

angiogenesis

Question 12

altered expression of cell adhesion molecules, chemokines, and chemokine receptors

Answer 12

metastasis

Question 13

the process by which the immune system protects against cancer growth and the development of tumor immunogenicity

Answer 13

The Model of Cancer Immunoediting

Question 14

innate immune cells that monitor for presence of neoplastic cells, then innate and adaptive immunity eliminates them

Answer 14

elimination or immunosurveillance

Question 15

adaptive immunity works to control tumor growth, a tug of war as adaptive immune response and cancer cell fight for supremacy

Answer 15

equilibrium

Question 16

tumor escapes adaptive immune control by either altering its antigens or immunoevasion or by turning off host immunity immunosuppression; disease becomes apparent

Answer 16

escape

Question 17

innate and adaptive immune responses participate in control of cancer

NK, MACs, CD8, cytolytic mechanisms, IL-12, IFN-gamma

Answer 17

elimination or immunosurveillance

Question 18

a stalemate in the tug of war between immune response and cancer

CD8, CD4, IFN-gamma, IL-12, cytotoxic mechanisms

Answer 18

equilibrium

Question 19

plasticity of host immunity allows for continual editing to increase the specificity and affinity of the response

affinity maturation of Ab, selection of high affinity TCR bearing T cells

Answer 19

immunoediting

Question 20

genetically unstable neoplastic cells adapt to immune pressure and continually change to increase chances of escape and survival

Answer 20

cancer editing

Question 21

if cancer editing is successful, neoplastic cells leave immune system control and grow to a clinically observable mass

Answer 21

escape

Question 22

the neoplastic cell changes itself until it is not recognized by host immune responses

Answer 22

immune evasion

Question 23

the neoplastic cell changes the host immune response so it can no longer effectively kills cancer cells

Answer 23

immune suppression

Question 24

the goal of this therapy is to facilitate DC maturation and Ag processing to generate a DC that can rapidly and efficiently activate CD8 CTL

Answer 24

DC based immunotherapy

Question 25

a new subset of Ab based drugs that serve as immune checkpoint inhibitors, the target is PD-1 and the mechanism removes block on T cell effector function; binds PD-1 on tumor specific t cell before the t cell can bind PD-L1/PD-L2 on tumor cell and become inactivated

Answer 25

Nivolumab (OPDIVO)