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biology year 2 > The Kidneys > Flashcards

The Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

what is one of the main functions of the kidneys?

A

excrete waste prod e.g. urea

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2
Q

kidneys also regulate…

A

water potential of blood

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3
Q

define cortex?

A

outer layer of kidneys

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4
Q

define the process of ultrafiltration?

A
  • as blood passes out of cortex of kidneys
  • substances filtered OUT of blood
  • into long tubules that surround capillaries
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5
Q

what happens to useful substances like glucose and RIGHT AMOUNT of water?

what is this known as?

A

reabsorbed back into blood

SELECTIVE REABSORPTION

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6
Q

blood is filtered at start of…

A

nephrons

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7
Q

define nephrons?

A
  • long tubules
  • along with bundle of capillaries
  • where blood = FILTERED
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8
Q

how many nephrons in each kidney?

A

1 million

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9
Q

blood from renal artery enters..

A
  • smaller arterioles
  • in cortex of kidney
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10
Q

each arteriole splits into what?

A

glomerulus

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11
Q

define bowmans capsule?

A

bundle of capillaries looped inside hollow ball

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12
Q

where does ultrafiltration take place?

A

bowmans capsule

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13
Q

the arteriole that takes blood INTO each glomerulus is called what?

A

AFFERENT arteriole

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14
Q

the arteriole that takes FILTERED blood AWAY from glomerulus is called what?

A

EFFERENT arteriole

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15
Q

difference between afferent and efferent arteriole?

A
  • efferent SMALLER in diameter
  • so blood in glomerulus under HIGH PRESSURE
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16
Q

what does the high pressure cause?

A
  • forces liquid and small mol in blood
  • OUT of capillary
  • into bowmans capsule
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17
Q

what are the 3 layers liquid and small molecules must pass through to get into the bowmans capsule and enter nephrone tubules?

A
  • capillary wall
  • basement membrane
  • epithelium of bowmans capsule
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18
Q

what happens do larger molecules like proteins and blood cells?

A
  • cant pass through
  • STAY in blood
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19
Q

the substances that enter the bowmans capsule are known as what?

A

glomerular filtrate

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20
Q

process of ultrafiltration

A
  • high hydrostatic pressure
  • afferent arteriole is wider than efferent arteriole
  • small mol forced out into bowmans capsule = filtrate
  • large mol dont fit through gaps (gaps in capillary wall, basememnt membrane and epithelium of bowmans capsule)
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21
Q

process of selective absorption?

A
  • ultrafiltration makes glomerular filtrate
  • capillaries wrap around nephron and useful substances reabsorbed into blood
  • PCT absorbs most of mol
  • microvilli inc surface area for reasbsorption
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22
Q

what does PCT stand for?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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23
Q

what does DCT stand for?

A

distal convoluted tubule

24
Q
A
25
Q

what does the volume of water in urine vary on?

A

how much youve drunk

26
Q

urine is usually made up of what?

A
  • water & dissolved salts
  • urea
  • hormones
  • EXCESS vitamins
27
Q

selective reabsorption takes as the glomerular filtrate flows …

A

along PCT, loop of henle and DCT

28
Q

what does the epithelium of the wall of PCT have that is useful?

A
  • microvilli
  • = LARGER surface area
  • for reabsorption of useful materials
  • from glomerular filtrate to blood
29
Q

filtrate that remains is urine, which passes along ..

A

ureter to bladder

30
Q

why is water essential?

A
  • keep body functioning
  • amount of water and WP need be kept constant
31
Q

how do mammals lose water?

A
  • excrete urea in solution
  • sweat
32
Q

define osmoregulation?

A
  • when kidneys regulate WP of blood and urine
  • so body has RIGHT amount of water
33
Q

WP of blood too low

A
  • body = dehydrated
  • MORE water reabsorbed by OSMOSIS
  • into blood from tubules of nephrons
  • urine = MORE CONC
  • less water lost during excretion
34
Q

WP of blood too high

A
  • body too hydrated
  • LESS water reasborbed by OSMOSIS
  • into blood from tubules of nephrons
  • urine = more dilute
  • more water lost during excretion
35
Q

where does regulation of WP mainly take place?

A
  • loop of henle
  • DCT
  • collecting duct
36
Q

where is loop of Henle located, and what is it made from?

A
  • medulla (inner layer) of kidneys
  • 2 limbs - descending limb and ascending limb
37
Q

what do the limbs control?

A
  • movement of sodium ions
  • so water can = reabsorbed by blood
38
Q

loop of Henle

A
  1. Na+ and Cl- are actively transported out of the impermeable ascending limb into the tissue
  2. medulla tissue now has a lower water potential value
  3. WP gradient is established between in the permeable descending limb
  4. water is reabsorbed by osmosis from the descending limb and collecting duct to the medulla tissue
  5. counter current multiplier
39
Q

what is the WP of blood monitored by?

A

cells - osmoreceptors

  • in part of brain - hypothalamus
40
Q

what is ADH?

A
  • antidiuretic hormone
  • diuresis - lots of dilute urine prod
  • anti - small amounts of conc urine prod
41
Q

what does ADH do?

A
  • makes walls of DCT and collecting duct MORE PERM to water
  • more water reabsorbed from tubules
  • into medulla and blood by OSMOSIS
  • small amount of conc urine prod
  • less water lost
42
Q

when does dehydration happen?

A
  • when lose water
  • water content need be inc
43
Q

osmoregulation - fall in WP

A
  • low WP detected by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
  • posterior pituitary gland secretes ADH
  • ADH carried in blood stream
  • ADH binds to specific receptor proteins on collecting duct and DCT
  • inc permeability to water
  • water moves OUT of collecting duct and DCT by OSMOSIS
  • medulla has lower WP
44
Q

osmoregulation - inc in WP

A
  • WP of blood rises
  • detected by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
  • posterior pituitary gland releases LESS ADH into blood
  • less ADH - DCT and collecting = less perm
  • less water reabsorbed into blood by OSMOSIS
  • larger amount of DILUTE urine prod
  • more water lost
45
Q

what is the clearance value of glucose?

A

0

46
Q

explain how the activity of the kidney results in the clearance value for glucose?

A
  • filtration out of blood into renal capsule
  • hydrostatic pressure
  • PCT
  • ALL reabsorbed
  • active transport
47
Q

explain the shape of the curve for sodium ions in loop of henle?

A
  • sodium ions pumped out of ascending limb
  • water passes out of descending limb
  • some sodium ions re-enter descending limb by diffusion
  • high conc at base of loop
48
Q

explain the change in amount of glucose in PCT?

A
  • reabsorption
  • by active transport
49
Q

all volunteers were given same food for 3 days

suggest and explain one reason why?

A
  • affects WP
  • affects vol of urine produced
50
Q

furosemide is sometimes used to lower blood pressure.

suggest how furosemide would cause a decrease in blood pressure?

A
  • lowers volume of blood
51
Q

furosemide inhibits absorption of sodiu and chloride ions from te filtrate produced in nephrons.

explain how furosemide causes an increase in volume of urine produced?

A
  • WP of filtrate dec
  • less water REABSORBED via osmosis from filtrate
  • collecting duct where water reabsorbed
52
Q

in a data q where they show sds, and ask you to conclude the effectiveness of something

what do you ALWAYS mention?

A

whether SDs overlap or not —> sig / not sig

53
Q

define selective reabsorption

A
  • useful prod reabsorbed
  • from glomerular filtrate mostly by PCT
  • loop of henle, DCT and collecting duct
54
Q

ascending limb of loop of Henle

A
  • at first, very permeable to sodium and chloride ions but NOT water
  • no active transport
  • sodium/chloride ions move out into the tissue fluid of the medulla
  • sodium and chloride ions actively pumped into the tissue fluid and vasa recta
  • less concentrated
55
Q

descending limb of loop of Henle

A
  • freely permeably to water, not sodium and chloride ions
  • no active transport
  • fluid entering = isotonic with blood - as it travels, external conc of sodium/chloride ions in tissue fluid and vasa recta = higher
  • so water moves out of limb into tissue fluid, then to vasa recta
  • by bottom = very concentrated.
56
Q

define counter current multiplier

A

a system that produces a concentration gradient in a living organism, using energy from cellular respiration.

57
Q

counter current multiplier in loop of Henle

A
  • sodium/chloride ions move out of ascending limb into the tissue fluid
  • this increases the tissue fluid’s concentration
  • this fluid causes water to pass out of descending limb into the tissue fluid.
  • this works as the first is impermeable to water, and second = impermeable to ions.

biology year 2 (29 decks)

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