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Biology > 8. Exchange and transport and animals. > Flashcards

8. Exchange and transport and animals. Flashcards

1
Q

what substances need to be transported in and out of organisms

A

oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, dissolved, food, molecules, mineral irons, urea

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2
Q

where is oxygen exchanged?

A

alveoli in the lungs

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3
Q

where is water exchanged

A

nephrons in the kidneys

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4
Q

where is carbon dioxide exchanged?

A

alveoli

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5
Q

where are dissolved food molecules exchanged

A

small intestines

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6
Q

where are mineral irons exchanged?

A

small intestines

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7
Q

where is urea exchanged?

A

nephrons in the kidneys

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8
Q

why do multicellular organisms, need exchange surfaces and a transport system

A

The surface area: volume ratio is too small to be able to rely on diffusion

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9
Q

What is the name of the process by which gases exchange between air in the lungs and blood in the capillaries?

A

diffusion

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10
Q

how are alveoli adapted for gas exchange

A

they have a large surface area, they have thin walls, they have blood vessels close to them

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11
Q

name, the four main parts of blood

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma and platelets

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12
Q

what is another name for red blood cells?

A

erythrocytes

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13
Q

what is the function of red blood cells?

A

The transport oxygen around the body

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14
Q

how are red blood cells adapted to their function?

A

they contain haemoglobin which carries oxygen, they have a biconcave shape and therefore a large surface area, they don’t have a nucleus so this so has more space for the haemoglobin to transport more oxygen

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15
Q

name, two types of white blood cells

A

lymphocytes and phagocytes

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16
Q

which system in the body white blood cells a part of?

A

the immune system

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17
Q

what is the job of the immune system?

A

to attack pathogens in the body

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18
Q

what do you phagocyte to do?

A

The surround pathogens and destroy them

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19
Q

what do you lymphocytes do?

A

they produce chemical antibodies that attack pathogens and destroy them

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20
Q

describe plasma

A

It’s as a liquid part of the blood

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21
Q

what is the function of plasma?

A

it carries the blood cells through the blood vessels that contain and dissolves substances

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22
Q

give two examples of substances that may dissolve in plasma

A

carbon dioxide and glucose

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23
Q

what are platelets?

A

fragments of larger cells, they don’t have a nucleus

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24
Q

what are the function of platelets?

A

they cause blood to clot when a blood vessel has been damage this blocks, the wound and stops pathogens from entering the blood

25
Q

name the three types of blood vessels

A

arteries, veins and capillaries

26
Q

what is the function of arteries?

A

arteries carry blood away from the heart

27
Q

how are arteries adapted to their function?

A

they have a thick wall of muscle and elastic fibres

28
Q

what is the function of a veins

A

veins, carry blood back to the heart

29
Q

how are veins adapted to their function?

A

they have a large space to allow blood to flow easily. They have forced to stop blood flowing backwards.

30
Q

which type of blood vessels has the thickest walls?

A

arteries

31
Q

which type of blood vessel has the thinnest walls?

A

Capillaries

32
Q

what is the function of capillaries?

A

The exchange minerals, such as oxygen and glucose and carbon dioxide with body tissues

33
Q

how are capillaries adapted to their function?

A

The walls are only one cell thick

34
Q

name the four chambers of the hear in order from the lungs

A

left atrium, common left ventricle right atrium right ventricle

35
Q

which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

A

pulmonary vain

36
Q

which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body

A

aorta

37
Q

which blood vessel brings deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

A

vena cava

38
Q

which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

A

pulmonary artery

39
Q

which ventricle wall is thicker, and why

A

put the left as it pushes blood all around the body

40
Q

what do the valves in the hot day?

A

make the blood flow in the right direction

41
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A

an exothermic reaction, which occurs continuously in living cells to release energy for metabolic processes

42
Q

what are two types of respiration?

A

aerobic and anaerobic

43
Q

where does aerobic respiration mostly occur?

A

mitochondria in cells

44
Q

what is the main source of energy for cells

A

aerobic respiration

45
Q

what is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen—> carbon dioxide + water

46
Q

when does anaerobic respiration take place?

A

when there is not enough oxygen

47
Q

what is anaerobic respiration?

A

incomplete breakdown of glucose to release energy

48
Q

what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

glucose —> lactic acid

49
Q

which type of respiration releases more energy

A

aerobic

50
Q

what is their energy from respiration used for?

A

to build larger molecules, to enable muscle contraction, to maintain body temperatures

51
Q

what is a respirometer used to investigate

A

rates of respiration

52
Q

what is the function of soda lime in the respirometer

A

it absorbs carbon dioxide

53
Q

how could a respirometer did used to measure the rate of respiration

A

Measure the distance that the colour liquid moves in a particular time

54
Q

why use the coloured liquid to move in the respirimeter

A

oxygen is absorbed by the seat of the volume of the air in the container as a reduced

55
Q

what is heart rate measured in?

A

The number of beats per minute

56
Q

how can the heart rate be measured?

A

by taking your pulse at the rest

57
Q

what happens to the rate of reaction during exercise?

A

it increases

58
Q

what is the equation linking stroke volume, heart rate in cardiac out put

A

cardiac output= stroke volume x heart rate

59
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped by the heart in 1 beat

Biology (12 decks)

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