8 - Respiratory Control

Question 1

The brain controls the _____ of breathing and the pattern

Answer 1

Frequency

Question 2

What does firing of the phrenic nerve cause?

Answer 2

Contraction of the diaphragm; inspiration

Question 3

The brain is in charge of the _____ and the _____ ______ when it comes to breathing

Answer 3

Rate Tidal Volume

Question 4

The ______ _______ ______ is apart of the Nucleus tractus solitairus and is involved with the GI tract and the heart as well as respiration

Answer 4

Dorsal respiratory group

Question 5

The _______ ______ ______ is a long respiratory center and involves the nucleus ambiguus

Answer 5

ventral respiratory group

Question 6

This is located in the pons and is involved with inspiratory, expiratory and combined efforts of breathing

Answer 6

Pontine Respiratory group

Question 7

Which portion of the brain is critical for the rhythm of breathing?

Answer 7

Pre-botzinger complex

Question 8

Compare the locations of the ventral and dorsal respiratory groups

Answer 8

the dorsal respiratory group is closer to midline than the central group

Question 9

What is the order of respiratory factors that the brain controls?

Answer 9

Determine the timing

Determine the tidal volume (depth)

Send the signal to the motoneurons

Question 10

The ______ _______ ______ is the main site that determines respiratory rate

Answer 10

pre-botzinger region

Question 11

Aside from the pre-Botzinger complex, what is the other component that helps to determine the rate of the respiration?

Answer 11

The transition from inspiration to expiration

Question 12

________ is the failure to turn inspiration off

Answer 12

Apneusis

Question 13

The ______ is considered part of the network that controls the length of inspiration under normal circumstances

Answer 13

PRG

Question 14

When the ______ is lesioned, we lose the ability to turn inspiration off without additional sensory information from the _____ nerves.

Answer 14

PRG

Vagus

Question 15

Name that respiratory group!

• 95% premotor to phrenic

• Receives lots of sensory info.
• That sensory information allows it to generate a pattern appropriate to the circumstances.

Answer 15

DRG

Question 16

The rostral end of this respiratory group contains the premotor to the phrenic nerve and the inspiratory muscles

Answer 16

VRG

Question 17

What does the caudal end of the VRG do?

Answer 17

premotor to the upper airway and other mucles of inspiration

Question 18

_________ results from pontine damage whereas ________ results from medullary or spinal damage

Answer 18

Apneusis

Apnea

Question 19

Both apnea and apneusis caise and increase in CO2 and a decrease in O2 but what is the main difference between the two?

Answer 19

The changes in apneusis are slightly delayed because you are still getting air in initially. Apnea you aint doing nothin

Question 20

What is the equation for gas exchange?

Answer 20

Ve=f x Vt

Question 21

A chemoreceptor is a neuron that is sensitive to specific chemicals. In the respiratory system, these chemicals are _____, _____, and ____.

Answer 21

CO2

O2

H+

Question 22

An ______ in CO2 will cause the chemoreceptrs to fire

Answer 22

increase

Question 23

A decrease in ______ will increase the firing rate of the chemoreceptors

Answer 23

oxygen

Question 24

True/False: An increase in H+ causes the chemoreceptors to fire

Answer 24

TRUE

Question 25

What is the normal response of a respiratory neuron (or any neuron) to an increase in CO2 or a decrease in O2?

Answer 25

A decrease in activity - which would decrease ventilation, decreasing gas exchange and making the problem worse.

Question 26

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the ability of certain chemicals to change the discharge rate of sensitive neurons.

Answer 26

Chemosensitivity

Question 27

The chemoreceptors will ______ their rate of activity when hypoxia or hypercapnia occur

Answer 27

increase

Question 29

The chemoreceptors will then ________ the respiratory centers and ________ respiration.

Answer 29

activate increase

Question 30

What are the two types of chemoreceptors?

Answer 30

Central (in the brain) Peripheral (in the carotid and the aorta)

Question 31

The ________ chemoreceptors are located on the ventral surface of the medulla and are sensitive to CO2 in the blood

Answer 31

central

Question 32

What helps to cause the drive to breathe? Describe her

Answer 32

CO2 crosses the BBB and reacts with CARBONIC ANHYDRASE to make bicarbonate which is able to dissociate into H+ and HCO3. The H+ stimuluates the VRG and the DRG and causes a response

Question 33

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptrs and what are they sensitive to?

Answer 33

Carotid body and Aortic arch Sensitive to O2 CO2 and H+

Question 35

The _______ chemoreceptors are DIRECTLY sensitive to the pH of the CSF and INDIRECTLY to the CO2 in the plasma

Answer 35

central

Question 36

Describe the Slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors

Answer 36

Located in airways * Sensitive to: Stretch of airways (directly proportional to lung volume) * Fibers travel to brain in Vagus nerve. * Effect: inhibition of inspiration (inspiratory termination) and prolongation of expiration

Question 37

The slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors are important for controlling respiration in 1. 2.

Answer 37

1. Adults during exercise 2. infants

Question 38

What are the two receptors that are involved in protecting the gas exchange surface?

Answer 38

Rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors J receptors

Question 39

The _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ________ are Sensitive to: Irritation, foreign bodies in airway; Stretch

Answer 39

Rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors

Question 40

What is the effect of the rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors?

Answer 40

Cough

Question 41

There are two places in which the cough is ellicted, what are they?

Answer 41

Rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors and the larynx

Question 43

The ____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ are located near the blood vessels of the alveoli, are sensitive to pulmonary edema, fibers travel to the brain via the vagus nerve effect: cough, tachypnea

Question 45

The RAR’s and J Receptors mediate protective reflexes that _________ the normal respiratory control systems.

Answer 45

Override \*\*\*important for survival

Question 46

Which receptors respond to the stretch of the lung?

Answer 46

Slowly adapting PSR (SARS)

Question 47

Which receptors respond to irritants?

Answer 47

rapidly adapting RARs

Question 48

What receptors respond to pulmonary edema?

Answer 48

J receptors

Question 49

In the cases of talking or holding your breath the cortex seems to ________ the medullary centers and send the input directly to the muslces of inspiration

Answer 49

bypassing